Civil and environmental research www paper issn online vol
Mohammed Thabit Al-Baldawi
College of Architecture and Design, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, PO box 133, Amman 19328, Jordan
Taking advantage of the types of materials used in interior design that can be recycled and re-manufactured reflects its beneficial effect on the environment and also reduces the consumption of agricultural original materials.
We pointed to the bamboo as an example of the kinds of agricultural materials used in interior design and the possibility to develop this types of which Biocomposite and Hybrid bamboo-glassfibers composites.
Among many environmental topics in interior design; indoor environmental quality and interior materials are the topics especially related to interior design 1).
An important part of interior design is the specification of suitable materials for the various components that make up a particular interior space 2).
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The interior designer who “shops” for materials based on environmental and human health concerns is in this same situation. While there is a tendency in sustainable design to view materials as “green” or not green, this kind of view is usually limited. Should a manufacturer’s claims always be taken at face value? Should a product that uses renewable resources be used if it has to be shipped over a long distance, thereby increasing air pollution?
Life-cycle Assessment LCA is an analytic method that incorporates a wide range of considerations into the decision-making process, making it much more comprehensive than simple single-issue assessment. LCA has been used for many years and offers an exciting tool for designers. It is a young field, however, so both the science itself and the tools available to designers for applying this science are evolving quickly. In addition to selection of materials using LCA, the designer can employ a variety of strategies for mitigating the environmental and health effects of building, including choosing appropriate materials for the specific needs of a space, using various strategies to reduce the amount of materials required, pursuing a design strategy that accounts for the changing needs of occupants, and choosing materials based on their environmental performance at the end of their useful lives.
ØReduce layers in flooring – consider using polished concrete where acoustics are not of concern, or refinishing a residential wood floor rather than covering or replacing it.
ØIn commercial projects, consider leaving ceilings unfinished in non-critical spaces, rather than installing drywall or acoustical ceiling tile. This strategy can be successfully paired with building design approaches, such as using daylight and access floors.
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•If partitions are used, non-load bearing can be used, modular and semi-permanent partitions so the space can be reconfigured without major construction.
•Using modular or systems furniture, which allows for ongoing reconfiguration of space without major disruption to the permanent interior layout and electrical/mechanical distribution systems.
Examples of rapidly renewable resources include:
» Wheatstraw
» Corn stalks
» Polylactide (PLA) (made from corn starch)
» Cork
» Bamboo
» Sunflower seed hulls
» Soybeans
» Wool
» Linen
» Silk
» Ramie
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» Particleboards and medium-density fiberboards (MDFs) made with wheat straw are used in cabinetry, furniture, millwork, case goods and flooring.
» Biocomposite panels made with soybeans and sunflower seed hulls can be used for interior finish applications, such as paneling, counters and cabinets.
Figure (1) Bamboo plantations in China.
Figure (2) shows Bamboo flake board made from bamboo flake.
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Hybrid bamboo-glass fibers composites exhibit enhancement in terms of stiffness, strength and moisture resistance properties.
Bamboo biocomposites has excellent impact on creating interior design that has a commercial value of its own way. Biocomposites use in the production of various bamboo products for exterior and interior which have a good demand in the global market. Most users realize the greatness of this material and support the efforts of sustainable for nature in everyday life. This is further enhanced by its excellence as an innovative material to get recognition from various quarters, proving that hybrid bamboo material can overcome other types of materials from various aspects such as physical, mechanical and aesthetic. Nowadays, various types of hybrid bamboo-based products have been produced, from the design of the ceiling, walls, floors, window frames, doors, stairs and up to the home decorative accessories.
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will be efficient, economical and functional 11).
5.1 History of Smart Materials
The first recorded observation of smart material transformation was made in 1932 on gold-cadmium. In addition, in 1938 the phase transformation was observed in brass (copper-zinc).
In order to understand the smart materials, we rely on the classification according to the phenomena of exposed materials and produce changes in exploiting the important functions.
5.2 Types of smart materials
•Magnetorheological and electrorheological - the application of a magnetic field (or for electro-rheological - an electrical field) causes a change in micro-structural orientation, resulting in a change in viscosity of the fluid.
•Thermotropic - an input of thermal energy (or radiation for a phototropic, electricity for electrotropic and so on) to the material alters its micro-structure through a phase change. In a different phase, most materials demonstrate different properties, including conductivity, transmissivity, volumetric expansion, and solubility. •Shape memory - an input of thermal energy (which can also be produced through resistance to an electrical current) alters themicrostructure through a crystalline phase change. This change enables multiple shapes in relationship to the environmental stimulus.
■ Type 2 materials include the following:
•Light-emitting materials, that convert an input energy to an output of radiation energy in the visible spectrum, are including:
•Photoluminescents (input is radiation energy from the ultraviolet spectrum
•Electroluminescent (input is electrical energy)
•Chemoluminescent (input is chemical reaction)
•Piezoelectrics (an input of elastic energy - strain produces an electrical current. Most piezoelectrics are bi- directional in that the inputs can be switched and an applied electrical current will produce a deformation - strain).•Thermoelectrics (an input of electrical current creates a temperature differential on opposite sides of the material)
•Photovoltaics (an input of radiation energy from the visible spectrum produces an electrical current •Electrostrictives (the application of a current produces elastic energy - strain which deforms the shape of the material)
•Magnetostrictives (the application of a magnetic field produces elastic energy – strain
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occur through the exchange of energy, and that energy must act at the scale of structure that determines the material property. Boundary is the region of energy change between a system and its surroundings. Architects have to understand all material behavior in relation to the phenomena and environments they create. The application of advanced technologies, based on smart materials, has the capacity to significantly improve the sustainability of buildings, by focusing on phenomena and not on the material artifact. We can reduce energy use by discretely acting only where necessary and operate discretely and locally. Then many of the advantages offered by these technologies can be appropriated by a greater diversity of designs for new and retrofitting existing buildings. Energy-exchanging materials have potential application as discrete sources, particularly for lighting delivery systems, and also as secondary energy supply sources.
6. Examples of Smart Materials
6.1 Facade systems - smart windows
□ Control of solar radiation transmitting through the building envelope by using spectral absorptive/transmission of envelope materials:
▫ Suspended particle panels
▫ Liquid crystal panels
▫ Photochromics
▫ Electrochromics
□ Control of conductive heat transfer through the building envelope by using relative position of envelope materials in louver or panel systems:
▫ Exterior and exterior radiation (light) sensors:
- Photovoltaics,
- Photoelectrics
▫ Controls / actuators:
- Shape memory alloys
-Electrorestrictive
- Magnetorestrictive
□ Control of interior heat generation by:
▫ Heat capacity of interior material:
- Phase-change materials
▫ Relative location of heat source:
- Thermoelectrics
▫ Lumen/watt energy conversion:
- Photoluminescents
- Electroluminescents
- Light-emitting diodes
Smart materials are often considered to be a logical extension of the trajectory in materials development toward more selective and specialized performance.
both new built and to renovation; be applicable to both hot and cold climates; be easy to install; offer realistic solutions at areasonable price; offer adequate luminosity, adequate light transmittance, lighter weight, glare control, increased fixed or variable thermal inertia, increased thermal comfort and noise reduction. Developments should be based on new materials for new window concepts and on the better understanding and improvement of material combinations and synergies. Additional improvements to the 'smart windows' may also be included in the research, such as e.g. the application of OLEDs for lighting, adjustable infrared radiation transmission, or sensor technologies, material analysis and modeling.
The benefit from smart materials is replacements or substitutes for more conventional materials. For example, there have been many proposals to replace standard curtain wall glazing with an electrochromic glass that would completely wrap the building facade. The reconsideration of smart material implementation through another paradigm of material deployment has yet to fall under scrutiny.
Smart materials have been comprehensively experimented with and rapidly adopted in many other fields –finding their way into products and uses as diverse as toys and automotive components. We can replace Large HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) systems with discretely located micro-machines that respond directly to the heat exchange of a human body. Labels associated with building-size HVAC equipment are now routinely associated with MEMS energy devices – we now have micro-compressors, chillers, heat pumps, turbines, fuel cells and engines. The term micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have come to describe any tiny machine, but the more precise definition is that MEMS is a device that combines sensing, actuating and computing.
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7. Smart houses
A “smart home” can be defined as a residence equipped with computing and information technology which anticipates and responds to the needs of the occupants, working to promote their comfort, convenience, security and entertainment through the management of technology within the home and connections to the world beyond 12).
* Transmitters/converters/receivers
* Logic controllers
In the door opener or slider example, there might be some type of position sensor or limit switch that detected
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For some time smart materials found their primary use in interesting but specialized engineering and scientific applications, or, at the other end of the spectrum, in novelty applications (e.g., the endless numbers of thermochromic coffee cups that change colors when filled). Recently, a whole host of new products have found their way into the market – some interesting, some not –as designers began to ‘discover’ them.
A phenomenological perspective; As we have seen, most smart materials actually work at the micro-scale (smaller than a micron) and are thus not visible to the human eye. Nevertheless, the effects produced by these mechanisms are often at the meso-scale (approximately a centimeter) and macro-scale (larger than a meter). Whereas the physical mechanism – how the material works – is entirely dependent upon the material composition; the phenomenological effects – the results produced by the action of the material – are determined by many things independent of the material composition – including quantity, assembly construction, position and environment. As a result, very similar effects can often be produced from seemingly dissimilar materials.
7.4 Smart paints and coatings
Painting and coatings are ancient techniques for changing or improving the characteristics or performance of a material.
The pigments may be insoluble or soluble finely dispersed particles, the binder forms surface films. The liquid may be volatile or nonvolatile, but does not normally become part of the dried material. Coatings are a more generic term than paints and refer to a thicker layer. Many coatings are nonvolatile.
These paints or coatings absorb energy from light, chemical or thermal sources and reemit photons to cause fluorescence, phosphorescence or afterglow lighting.
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A dichroic material exhibits color changes to the viewer as a function of either the angle of incident light or the angle of the viewer. The varying color changes can be very striking and unexpected. Similar visual effects have long been seen in the iridescent wings of dragonflies and in certain bird feathers; or in oil films on water surfaces. Recent innovations in thin layer deposition techniques have been employed to produce coatings on glasses to exhibit dichroic characteristics.
In dichroic glass, certain color wavelengths – those seen as a reflection to the viewer – are reflected away while others are absorbed and seen as transmitted light. The colors perceived change with light direction and view angle.
7.6 Polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices in smart windows
There are several classes of electro-optic devices that can be formed using liquid crystals, but only two classes: guest-host systems and polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) are used in smart windows. In guest-host type of device dichroic dye molecules mixed with liquid crystals are used with the aim of achieving higher absorption. In the colesteric - nematic structure the direction of the long axis of the molecules is slightly displaced with the liquid crystals displaying a different alignment. The advantage of those systems is their functionality up to 1000°C.
Figure (7) Liquid crystal device makes the room private or public at will. (http://www. Saint Gobain.com)
Although PDLC devices act very effectively as privacy screens and have essentially zero specular transmittance in the zero voltage state and good transmittance but some diffuse scattering in the “on” state, the devices are not particularly effective for energy conservation because the majority of the scattered radiation is forward scattered. So liquid crystal is used for discretionary projects, particularly high end residences and interior partitions where privacy and ample light are more important than energy.
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The followings are expected through this study;
Constructing the informational system about hazardous substances of interior material products, it can be used as the standard of selection for appropriate architectural materials. By constructing such information, it can be expected to be used as standard for architects and designer. Smart materials in addition to the importance of environmentally but economically also have an important role. Using recyclable materials also plays an important role in reducing the losses in material sourcing.
[1] Mihyun Kang, Denise A. Guerin, (2009), “The State of Environmentally Sustainable Interior Design Practice”, American Journal of Environmental Sciences 5 (2), pp.179-186.
[2]Pile, J.F.,(2003), “Interior Design”, 3rd Edn., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, ISBN: 10:0130991325.
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[11] S. SitiSuhaily, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, W.O. Wan Nadirah, M. Jawaid, (2013), “Bamboo Based BiocompositesMaterial,Design and Applications”, Suhaily et al.; licensee InTech.
[12] Richard Harper, (2003), “Inside the Smart Home”, Springer-Verlag London Limited.
[18] www.csm.linst.ac.uk
[19] Sherif M.S. Elattar, (2013), “Smart structures and material technologies in architecture applications”, academic Journals, Vol. 8(31), pp. 1512-1521.
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