Gopi surat central zone and rander gamtal figure
Chika Udeaja 1, Claudia Trillo 1, Kwasi G.B. Awuah 1, Busisiwe C.N. Makore 1,* , D. A. Patel 2, Lukman E. Mansuri 2 and Kumar N. Jha 3
1 School of Science, Engineering and Environment, Salford University, Salford M5 4WT, UK; c.e.udeaja@salford.ac.uk (C.U.); c.trillo2@salford.ac.uk (C.T.); k.a.b.gyau@salford.ac.uk (K.G.B.A.) 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat 395007, India; dapscholar@gmail.com (D.A.P.); erlukman@gmail.com (L.E.M.)
Keywords: urban heritage conservation; historic urban landscapes; urban planning and management; cultural heritage; Surat’s heritage; sustainable development
1. Introduction
International consensus exists on the role played by heritage in achieving sustainable development. In 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were unanimously adopted by United Nations (UN) member states resulting in a wide-ranging set of 17 goals and 169 targets aimed at poverty reduction, leaving no-one behind, and advancing the health and well-being for all by 2030 [7]. Out of the finalized SDGs, Goal 11 is the United Nation’s strongest expression of the vital role cities and urban environments play in the global landscape. There are sporadic explicit references to cultural aspects in the 17 goals and these include: target 11.4, which focuses on the strengthening of efforts to protect and safeguard the world cultural and natural heritage; target 4.7, which gives emphasis to the promotion of knowledge and skills and the appreciation of cultural diversity; targets 8.9 and 12.b, which focus on sustainable tourism and local culture aligned with target 14.7, which gives attention to the sustainable use of aquaculture and tourism [8]. All of the targets have specific implications in the field of culture. These targets give light to the growing consensus that the future of our societies will be decided in urban areas of which culture plays a key role [1,9,10]. The 2016 United Nations New Urban Agenda recognizes both tangible and intangible heritage as a significant factor in developing vibrant, sustainable, and inclusive urban economies, and in sustaining and supporting urban economies to progressively transition towards higher productivity [1,7,11].
Furthermore, the global discourse has focused on this crucial role of heritage in the context of urban development and heritage conservation. In particular, the UNESCO recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) [12,13] has synthesized these elements by proposing a holistic understanding of urban historic areas through all-inclusive approaches [14]. On the 10 November, 2011, UNESCO’s General Conference adopted the new recommendation on the HUL as an additional tool, a “soft-law” to be implemented by Member States on a voluntary basis. This document conceptualizes urban heritage as the multi-layering of cultural and natural values and attributes that go beyond the notion of “historic center” or “ensemble” to encompass a much broader urban geographical context [12,13,15]. This value is often constructed through processes of selection criteria appropriated internationally or nationally and objectified to become worthy of political, economic, and touristic attention and conservation. There is therefore a need to safeguard and respect the inherited values and significance of cultural heritage in cities.
• Urban heritage management,
• Valuing heritage: intangible dimension,
2. Setting the Context: The City of Surat and Its Heritage, an Overview
The city of Surat (Figures 1 and 2) is currently urbanizing rapidly with demands of urban sprawl and development [3,16]. According to the census taken in 2011, Surat’s urban district had a population of 4,849,213 people although the actual population may exceed these figures due to rapid development in Surat’s metropolitan region [17,18]. Surat’s urban context includes social cohesion challenges, increasing rural to urban migration, rising housing demands, and considerable stress on
have remained interdependent and reciprocal with Surat’s built fabric. However, urban heritage critical regional and city development initiatives [24]. Achieving urban sustainability is of
conservation is not perceived as a priority when considering other urban development objectives [16,22]. significance in Surat as it is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The city lies in a
Figure 1. The city of Surat [Source: Author (modified arcGIS) map].
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was purposely selected for two reasons. Firstly, this research is funded by the Arts and Humanities and the Middle East, which date back from 300 BC. These trading connections influenced the living
Research Council investigating Surat as a case study for urban heritage conservation. Secondly, the patterns and built heritage in Surat, particularly in the historic precincts Gopi Surat Central Zone and
the construction of the inner-city wall in 1664 AD, and the outer-city wall in 1715 AD [18]. The city of
In line with the research goals of articulating a discourse on challenges and issues related to the Surat grew in the 17th and 18th centuries to become an established and formidable export and import
understand the experiences with a goal to present a credible representation of the interpretations of wealth into the city. The evolution of the concept of heritage preservation has developed in parallel
those experiences [25]. A variety of sources were used to obtain data for triangulation purposes. The with the evolution of Surat, becoming a practice that goes beyond tangible assets and possesses a
As anticipated, the empirical dataset is based on qualitative data, including policy and planning environment, intangible heritage, cultural diversity, socio-economic and environmental factors, and
documents, interviews, focus groups, and direct observation of two sub-cases, i.e., the two historic local community values [14,15].
The research strategy of this study is based on a single case study, i.e., the city of Surat. This city was purposely selected for two reasons. Firstly, this research is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council investigating Surat as a case study for urban heritage conservation. Secondly, the richness and diversity of Surat’s heritage combined with the city’s rapid urbanization trend reflects a need for investigation into the conservation of its urban heritage and the challenges being faced. This study area therefore presents an opportunity for the development of holistic and sustainable approaches towards the preservation of Surat’s urban heritage.
In line with the research goals of articulating a discourse on challenges and issues related to the implementation of heritage conservation policies in growing cities, the research strategy stems from the epistemological paradigm of interpretivism and mainly rests on qualitative research methods. These latter are often seeking to understand processes and cultural and contextual meanings. Therefore, giving emphasis to the need for enquiry through an inductive approach that attempts to understand the experiences with a goal to present a credible representation of the interpretations of those experiences [25]. A variety of sources were used to obtain data for triangulation purposes. The main advantage of using triangulation is that it allows for the evaluation of different sources of information to investigate concepts on the basis that a consensus of the findings will yield more robust results [26].
Figure 3. Dataset Outline.
Figure 3. Dataset Outline.
First, documents relevant to India’s cultural heritage and the city of Surat were collected and
First, documents relevant to India’s cultural heritage and the city of Surat were collected and analyzed (Figure 3). All relevant policies and regulations in force nationally, regionally, and locally
by The Rockefeller Foundation’s Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) [23] and (ACCCRN) [23] and Surat Resilience Strategy [19]. All relevant previous surveys and investigations
Surat Resilience Strategy [19]. All relevant previous surveys and investigations on Surat heritage were on Surat heritage were systematically collected and analyzed. Incidentally, the team of researchers
encompass a broader urban geographical context for urban heritage when considering the context for urban heritage when considering the preservation of cultural heritage. The perspective
preservation of cultural heritage. The perspective demonstrated from the analysis suggests heritage demonstrated from the analysis suggests heritage conservation in Surat is side-lined when considering
the current situation was with respect to the study.
4.2. Focus Groups
4.3. Semi-Structured Interviews
As a final step, further qualitative empirical data was conducted with 10 semi-structured interviews administered with local experts on heritage conservation (Figure 3), sampled by selecting them across both the public and private sector (Table 1). Furthermore, the focus groups assisted in providing a diverse sample for the expert interviews. The interviews were used to undertake in-depth exploration of emerging issues from the focus groups, observation, and documentary evidence. Perspectives were sought for the interviews from respondents from the built environment as well as those concerned with intangible heritage. This included a local yoga teacher who drew on his experience and skills and enabled a kind of storytelling about Surat’s heritage. These additional perspectives assist in highlighting the interconnection between tangible and intangible heritage. Other stakeholders who contribute significantly to strategic planning of heritage in Surat such as the local Government (Surat Municipal Corporation) officials, heritage architects, and consultants were consulted. The details of the interviewees are listed below in Table 1.
Technology (SVNIT), Town and Regional Planning Heritage Consultant
I4 NGO Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural
I6 Private Local Organisation Heritage Architect I7 Local Government Surat iLAB & Surat Smart City Officer
I8 NGO & Local Government
I10 NGO Patanjali Yog Prashikshan Samiti, Surat Yoga expert
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This section discusses the findings from evidence gathered through the secondary dataset, interviews, focus groups, and photo-survey discussed above. Data analysis has been conducted through content coding of interviews, focus groups, and direct observation notes. Photos shown in this section are taken as part of the direct observation and photo-survey of the two chosen historic precincts. Furthermore, the representation of cultural heritage from the document analysis is included in this data discussion. Six thematic areas of discussion emerged from the findings. Two dominant paradigms of heritage conservation exist in Surat. The first is a traditional paradigm in which built heritage (Section 5.1) is a central focus with restoration efforts concerned with monumentalism and heritage experts largely responsible for maintaining and preserving heritage assets. This is reflected in the lack of integration of heritage conservation within local planning documents (Section 5.2). The second paradigm is underdeveloped in practice and exists largely in emerging discourse. It is concerned with values-based approaches to heritage and the holistic inclusion of intangible attributes (Section 5.3). The findings revealed that the local community lack the understanding of the values of heritage and how to care for Surat’s heritage assets (Section 5.4). As a result, development projects for new infrastructure are usually insensitive to the authenticity and integrity of cultural heritage (Section 5.5). The final thematic area is concerned with the relationship between cultural heritage and climate change (Section 5.6).
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The construction techniques of the housing are quite similar . . . , but the decoration is different. The housing inside are very simple but the façades instead are very different, because they are an expression of social distinction and power (I6, Heritage Architect, Expert Interviewee).
Surat’s built heritage also has a historic economic impact. It reflects cultures of the settlers as well as the economic growth and status of their owners. The house form has evolved over the centuries responding to modernization and contemporary living and the rise of industry. Indeed, some historic buildings no longer exist; however, in terms of boundaries identification of the two main historic areas in the city of Surat and in terms of heritage classification, including the articulation of the historic traditional houses into 4 typological influences (i.e., vernacular, colonial (Gothic and Renaissance), Art Deco, and Arabesque) are still current. Different architectural languages are visible in the house form such as the facades, the layout, plan form, and hierarchy of spaces. In particular, the front façade is a crucial reflection of the owners sociocultural, political, and economic status and beliefs. The vernacular architecture depicts houses built from local resources and with local traditions, often with wooden facades, large brackets, and overhanging eaves. The carvings in the wooden columns are highly decorated, reflecting animal, bird, and floral patterns. Surat’s colonial influence resulted in forms of Gothic and Renaissance styles (Figure 4). The Arabesque style includes the use of repetitive geometric patterns on the facades and the buildings are made completely in brick and lime. Façade divisions using decorative art forms built with modern industrial material reflect the influence of the Art Deco style.
Figure 4. House façades in Rander and Gopipura showing colonial style influences and elements with
Figure 4. House façades in Rander and Gopipura showing colonial style influences and elements with Art Deco influences (Source: authors’ photos).
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and castle restoration (Figure 7). An example of the commitment to heritage restoration is the development of the city’s first heritage precinct at Chowk Bazar [16]. Under this project, 11.5 hectares of land around Surat’s fort are currently being redeveloped including Surat’s castle and moat, Suryaputri Udyan up to the river edge, Frazer promenade, and Shanivari along the river bank. The field visits and discussions with a local conservation architect and 60 selected architecture students from across India established the core focus of efforts on monument restoration such as Surat’s fort.
currently has twelve-meter-wide battlements and four-meter-thick walls.
Restoration efforts for Surat’s built heritage have focused predominantly on monuments as these were deemed to have historical and architectural importance [17]. As a result, heritage properties not fitting this criteria had a lack of maintenance and investment, thus amplifying their vulnerability. The findings from the direct observation as recorded by the photo-survey demonstrated that Surat’s heritage is increasingly at risk, neglected, and in desperate need of urgent attention as shown in Figure 6. The SMC has made notable yet limited efforts to restore key monuments such as the fort
Figure 7. Redevelopment occurring alongside the old Surat fort walls.
Figure 7. Redevelopment occurring alongside the old Surat fort walls.
the context is different in India. In fact, India also differs from other countries in the Asian region. For For example, countries such as Sri Lanka and Bhutan have clearly defined policies regarding urban
example, countries such as Sri Lanka and Bhutan have clearly defined policies regarding urban heritage [1]. India in contrast has an institutional framework dedicated to heritage protection, but lacks
important towns and cities [27]. The decentralization of power to local bodies is given in the 74th Constitution. This therefore empowers local bodies to act proactively and develop processes and
amendment to the Constitution. This therefore empowers local bodies to act proactively and develop practices that suit their context. These local mechanisms feed into the state’s acts and legislation.
5.3. Valuing Heritage: Intangible Dimension
The city of Surat has a diverse and vibrant economic and sociocultural fabric (Figure 8). Tangible and intangible cultural heritage is represented, developed, and protected in Surat, and is depicted as diverse and multidimensional [31,32]. Heritage is a concept that is difficult to define, what it means and how it has been presented, re-presented, developed, and protected, set against a back-drop of demands and motivations is multidimensional [33,34]. In the drive to define traditions and identities in a community [34], the notion of “heritage” is developed [21]. Living expressions and practices of heritage are also often misunderstood and treated as ambiguous due to its complexity and variation [35,36]. The interrelationship between history/the past [33] and heritage is recognized in literature-defining heritage as elements of the past for contemporary society to inherit, record, conserve, and pass on to future generations [5,37]. In this landscape, urban heritage plays a fundamental role in reinforcing cities’ identities through the integration of heritage and historic urban area conservation, management, and planning strategies into local development processes and urban planning aids [20,38]. It allows for the broader urban context to be considered with the interrelationships of heritage and its physical form, spatial organization, connection, and values. Throsby [39] highlights the need for acknowledging the “interconnectedness of economic, social, cultural, and environmental systems”. Thereby positioning cultural heritage as the “glue” among the multidimensions of sustainable development. This approach extends beyond the notion of monuments and historic centers and includes social and cultural practices and values, economic processes, and the intangible dimensions of heritage as related to diversity and identity [38]. It reinforces the integral role cultural heritage can play as a key resource in urban sustainable development.
Figure 8. Vibrant city of Surat (top left—Station road known as Rajmarg Surat); Street markets of Surat (bottom left—Chauta bazar); Daily life embedded in urban fabric (middle); Residents using urban
(bottom left—Chauta bazar); Daily life embedded in urban fabric (middle); Residents using urban traditional areas (Rander Gamtal) for small retail or everyday traditional activities (right) (Source:
The photos (Figure 8) below show how lively Rander Gamtal historic area is and the role played by tangible and intangible heritage in shaping the place and in adding quality to the urban environment and in enabling the consolidation of the social bonds.
At present, there is no standard classification and valorization approach towards the cultural heritage in Surat. The paucity in recognizing the pluralistic values of Surat’s tangible and intangible heritage leaves to question what type of heritage should be preserved, for what reason, and by whom [14,47]. Consequently, heritage assets that have significant attached values to citizens are left out of local government efforts to raise awareness and promote heritage tourism. The articulation of heritage values allows for the consideration of decisions for heritage assets to give a “heritage status and significance” and therefore the assessment of these values attributed to heritage is a very important activity for the achievement of sustainable urban conservation [48]. Despite the fact that values are widely understood to be critical to heritage conservation, there is still a paucity of knowledge
interviewees pointed, as described below, that local politicians are not concerned with the value by tangible and intangible heritage in shaping the place and in adding quality to the urban
assigned to Surat’s cultural heritage. Without political buy-in and commitment, heritage is left at the environment and in enabling the consolidation of the social bonds.
Most of the heritage sites are present in the middle of the city, but due to blindly following the Western culture, people neglect their own heritage and culture (I9, Heritage Proprietor & Industrialist, Expert Interviewee).
Social connectivity and cohesion are weak and therefore there is a lack of interest in engaging Figure 8. Vibrant city of Surat (top left—Station road known as Rajmarg Surat); Street markets of Surat
There was agreement in the findings that the local community lack education, language, and understanding about the values of tangible and intangible heritage and how to care for these heritage
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Now tourists are coming to the city for business and go away after the visit, so we are trying to offer something that might induce those people to go with the family and to spend time and money around the city. Surat should not only be for business, but also for tourism. If tourists were paying attention to the buildings, then the locals would understand and appreciate the value of the heritage (I1 & I2, Surat Municipal Corporation Museum, Expert Interviewee).
The fieldwork revealed that the compartmental thinking and fragmentation in Surat’s heritage landscape is largely attributed to the absence of skills and knowledge amongst decision makers in Surat’s local government and heritage organizations. The current approaches to heritage conservation in Surat are described in the interviews as “artificial” and “copying the West”. Without proper training that focuses on solutions and techniques catering to the uniqueness of Surat’s urban context, heritage assets will continue to decay and vanish. There is a need to innovate and develop solutions through communication, cooperation, and collaboration with multiple disciplines. Few of the heritage experts and decision makers can use the digital technology [55] needed for restoration, and there is generally a lack of interest and awareness to learn these crucial skills [56,57]. Therefore, heritage conservation strategies lack any digital innovation and technique.
creates significant problems to create heritage awareness, identifying and awaiting opportunities (I7, are usually insensitive to the authenticity and integrity of cultural heritage [28,59]. The interpretation Officer, Surat iLAB & Smart City, Expert Interviewee).
given by local experts on the impact of such a rapid urbanization on local heritage was twofold as The problem is not just about land value, is also about money. They go up and up because they do
Surat Municipal Corporation Museum experts, Expert Interviewee).
Figure 10. New development and heritage building (Rajmarg) (Source: authors’ photos). Figure 10. New development and heritage building (Rajmarg) (Source: authors’ photos).
Urbanization is a threat because young generation left the historic city and new owners replaced traditional owners, and found old housing unsuitable to accommodate contemporary lifestyle (I1 & I2, Surat Municipal Corporation Museum experts, Expert Interviewee).
The rise in the real estate market has increased the land value in certain areas resulting in housing that are unaffordable for low-income groups and therefore remaining vacant. Developers are buying land in the historic areas, demolishing heritage buildings and replacing them with modern housing with higher density to increase the land value (Figure 10). As a result, heritage buildings and their surrounding areas are falling rapidly into decay. Furthermore, the attractiveness of contemporary ways of living are leading to many people leaving traditional houses and the historic parts of Surat because of unsuitability [17]. Some heritage houses, as designed according to the Indian tradition, lack adequate infrastructure such as toilets, sewage systems, and water pipes. Implementing contemporary infrastructure such as an air conditioning unit, bathroom, or flush toilets that is compatible with the old fabric in heritage buildings can be a challenge.
(c) (d)
Figure 11. Photo sequence of new developments in historic area, Rander Gamtal. (a) Brick traditional
The impact of climate change on heritage has wide consequences ranging from structural damage, atmospheric moisture and temperature changes, and new interactions between natural and anthropogenic factors to more socioeconomic factors such as tourism demand and supply. Findings from the literature analysis suggest that the cultural aspects (social and spatial) are increasingly being considered for achieving environmental sustainability [23,60,61]. At a state and local level, there is a paucity of evidence of policies/measures that take into account traditional and local community knowledge in assessing the possible impact of climate adaptation on cultural heritage elements and
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Figure 12. Integrated Urban Heritage Model.
Figure 12. Integrated Urban Heritage Model.
Planning Act has good capacity for spatial control and regulation, but needs to broaden when dealing with cultural assets [63]. Surat has committed to becoming a resilient, smart, and sustainable city
with cultural assets [63]. Surat has committed to becoming a resilient, smart, and sustainable city facilitated by international and national programs, and therefore, the protection of cultural heritage
policies that integrate heritage protection into urban planning legislation and practice. Not only monuments but also traditional housing and local heritage should be targeted by local planning policies,
monuments but also traditional housing and local heritage should be targeted by local planning by embedding heritage conservation principles within the local planning instruments such as plans and
heritage conservation. Intersections between heritage conservation, social cohesion, resilience, and City and heritage conservation) may support interventions leading to a better appreciation of the value
local identity (Resilient City and heritage conservation) may support interventions leading to a better of traditional housing and local heritage and elicit a more responsible approach from developers/local
relationship between cultural heritage and climate change. Still, limitations and constraints to the demolition of traditional buildings must be included in the local planning policies in support of two areas, firstly, a better understanding of what must be valued by the community, and secondly, to make sure that conservation policies are endorsed consistently in the two historic areas of Rander Gamtal and Gopi Surat Central Zone (Figure 2). It should not be expected that the real estate market will acknowledge the value of heritage unless constraints and limits are imposed by local authorities when a gap in national conservation policies exists.
6.2. Identifying and Mapping Heritage Values and Preserving Local Identity and Sense of Place
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7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments: The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Municipal Commissioner of Surat, Deputy Municipal Commissioner and their team of Heritage Cell, Sardar Patel Museum and Science Center of Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC), Archeological Survey of India (ASI) Vadodara Circle, SURATi iLAB (Surat Smart City Development Ltd.), Gujarat Tourism, Surat-Gopipura Heritage Conservation Society, Surat Heritage Trust, Tapi Trust Surat, Indian Building Congress (IBC) Surat Chapter, Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SGCCI) Surat, Resilience Strata Research and Action Forum Surat, Institute of Civil Engineers and Architects (ICEA) Surat, Sarvajanik Education Society Surat, Patanjali Yog Prashikshan Samiti Surat, Raman Bhakta School of Architecture, Tarsadi, and CREDAI Surat for their generous interest and support for this research.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
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