Link the paragraphs together and show compare and contrast
Information you need:
THE FOUR KINDS OF VALIDITY to use within the essay to evaluate the theoretical/empirical evidence you use within the essay :
5) Main aims and claims, do they match up?
To achieve higher marks, use other kinds of validity, but you must explain how it threatens the ability to make valid causal inferences
2) Start broad at first to highlight WHY its important to understand Behavioural Phenotypes for Genetic Syndromes using evidence from the literature then narrow the focus to the specific factors explored in the essay (The factors that make Prader Willi syndrome and Fragile X similar to each other are A, B and C , the factors X,Y and Z make Prader-Willi and Fragile X syndrome different to each other and factors D, E and F make Prader Willi and Fragile X syndrome partially specific to each other)
3) State the problem statement AND then the thesis statement; "Which approach (Total Specificity, Non Specificity or Partial Specificity) is the most useful/valuable into understanding Behavioural Phenotypes in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and clearly state why
[2 paragraphs (200 words each):
Topic Sentence -> HOW Prader Willi syndrome and Fragile X syndrome are SIMILAR/NON-SPECIFIC to each other (in terms of social, cognitive, psychological or behavioural characteristics and be specific which type of characteristics, do not be vague)
5) Relate the evidence you have used and evaluated within the paragraph back to the essay question and weigh up the evidence to clearly state your argument on whether Prader Willi and Fragile X syndrome are actually SIMILAR/NON-SPECIFIC to each other and if its the most accurate approach to take to understand Behavioural Phenotypes in Genetic Syndromes and if it isn't, to link the paragraphs together and show compare and contrast, briefly state that they could be explained via the TOTAL-SPECIFICITY approach instead to link this paragraph into the next 2 paragraphs.
[2 paragraphs (200 words each):
4) Critically evaluate the evidence (theory and empirical) in relation to threats to validity and HOW and WHY the evidence can be a threat to our ability to make valid, causal inferences (that Prader Willi syndrome and Fragile X syndrome both are DIFFERENT/TOTALLY-SPECIFIC in their behavioural phenotypes) using evidence from the theory and/or research you provide (be specific in what kind of validity please, do not be vague, be specific) , (refer to which of the 4 types of validity its a threat to ABOVE). Show both strengths and weaknesses of the evidence in reference to threats to validity. For example, if the research you source has good construct validity, use the evidence from the study you use or the theory to explain why it has good construct validity and same for the weaknesses
5) Relate back to the essay question and weigh up the evidence to clearly state your argument on whether Prader Willi and Fragile X syndrome are actually both DIFFERENT/TOTALLY SPECIFIC to each other and if its the most accurate approach to take to understand Behavioural Phenotypes in Genetic Syndromes and if it isn't, to link the paragraphs together and show compare and contrast, and briefly state that they could also be explained via the PARTIAL-SPECIFICITY approach instead to link this paragraph into the last paragraph.
3) Explain HOW the theory or evidence you provide informs why its important to take a Partial-Specificity approach into understanding Behavioural Phenotypes
4) Critically evaluate the evidence (theory and empirical) in relation to threats to validity and HOW and WHY the evidence can be a threat to our ability to make valid, causal inferences (that Prader Willi syndrome and Fragile X syndrome both are PARTIALLY-SPECIFIC in their behavioural phenotypes) using evidence from the theory and/or research you provide (be specific in what kind of validity please, do not be vague, be specific) , (refer to which of the 4 types of validity its a threat to ABOVE). Show both strengths and weaknesses of the evidence in reference to threats to validity. For example, if the research you source has good construct validity, use the evidence from the study you use or the theory to explain why it has good construct validity and same for the weaknesses
Literature to start off the search for sources or to actually use within the essay
Di Nuovo, S., & Buono, S. (2011). Behavioral phenotypes of genetic syndromes with intellectual disability: Comparison of adaptive profiles. Psychiatry Research, 189(3), 440-445. |
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O'brien, G. (2000). Behavioural phenotypes. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 93(12), 618-620. |
Einfeld, S. L. (2004). Behaviour phenotypes of genetic disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 17(5), 343-348. |
Steinhausen, H. C., Von Gontard, A., Spohr, H. L., Hauffa, B. P., Eiholzer, U., Backes, M., ... & Malin, Z. (2002). Behavioral phenotypes in four mental retardation syndromes: Fetal alcohol syndrome, Prader‐Willi syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and tuberosis sclerosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 111(4), 381-387. |