Nucleotides are the building blocks nucleic acids

Using Figure 2.1, identify the following:
1) The structure of the functional protein is __________.

Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 50-51

4) The structure of the monosaccharide is __________.

Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 45

7) Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of __________ they possess.

Answer: neutrons
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33

10) Compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding are collectively termed __________ compounds.

Answer: organic
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42

13) An acid is a molecule that releases (donates) __________. State the answer in two ways. Answer: protons; hydrogen ions
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43

14) All __________ have an amine (N) group.
Answer: amino acids
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42

Answer: steroids
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47; 49

18) Enzymes are examples of __________ proteins. State the answer in two ways. Answer: globular; functional
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 50

1) Inactive energy is referred to as:
A) mechanical energy
B) potential energy
C) kinetic energy
D) radiant energy
E) electrical energy
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28

2) An atom with 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons is a(n): A) molecule
B) anion
C) cation
D) isotope
E) radioisotope
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 36

6) The simplest atom—containing one proton, one electron, and no neutrons—is: A) carbon
B) hydrogen
C) oxygen
D) nitrogen
E) sodium
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31

7) Atomic mass is equivalent to the number of __________ in an atom.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 10
E) 14
Answer: B
Page Ref: 32; 35 Diff: 3

4

15) An atom that has lost two electrons is called a(n): A) isotope
B) anion
C) radioisotope
D) cation
E) proton
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 36

5

18) When a pair of electrons is shared equally between two atoms, the bond formed is called a(n):
A) ionic bond
B) hydrogen bond
C) carbon bond
D) polar covalent bond
E) nonpolar covalent bond
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 37

6

23) The joining of amino acids to form a protein is an example of: A) a decomposition reaction
B) an exchange reaction
C) a synthesis reaction
D) a denaturation reaction
E) a hydrolysis reaction
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40; 49

7

28) Glucose and starch are examples of:
A) carbohydrates
B) triglycerides
C) phospholipids
D) steroids
E) proteins
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 45-46

8

9

33) Which one of the following DNA bases are complementary: A) adenine and guanine
B) guanine and uracil
C) thymine and guanine
D) cytosine and adenine
E) adenine and thymine
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55

10

38) Enzymes are classified as:
A) antibodies
B) hormones
C) triglycerides
D) structural proteins
E) functional proteins
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52

11

43) Glycogen is the storage form of __________ in animals.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
E) 18
Answer: B
Page Ref: 35 Diff: 1

46) Trans fats are oils that have been solidified by the addition of: A) oxygen atoms
B) carbon atoms
C) hydrogen atoms
D) nitrogen atoms
E) phosphorus-containing groups
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 49

47) What type of chemical bond is pictured in Figure 2.3: A) nonpolar covalent bond
B) polar covalent bond
C) ionic bond
D) single covalent bond
E) double covalent bond
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35-37

48) The sugar found in DNA is:
A) ribose
B) sucrose
C) deoxyribose
D) lactose
E) starch
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 55

1) Inactive or stored energy is called kinetic energy.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28

4) Atoms are the smallest particles of a compound that still retain the properties of that compound.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29; 34

7) Water is the single most abundant inorganic compound in the human body.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42

10) Carbon is found in all inorganic compounds.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42
14

13) Estrogen and cholesterol are both steroids.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47; 49

15

Matching

D) polar covalent bond

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36-37 E) nonpolar covalent bond

7) The particle(s) contributing C) proton(s) to the atomic number

11) The particle(s) lost during
cation formation
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36

12) The number of protons is
equal to the number of these
subatomic particles

12) B

17

17) Building blocks of these
organic compounds are
amino acids
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 49

18) Nucleotides form the
building blocks of these
organic compounds
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 54

18

2) Compare DNA and RNA from the standpoint of their location, role(s), number of chains, arrangement of nucleotides, and sugars and bases present.

Answer: 1. Location—DNA is located inside the nucleus of the cell; RNA is located inside and outside the nucleus of the cell.

6. Bases—in DNA the bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C); in RNA the bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).

Page Ref: 54-55 Diff: 3

3. Water is a reactant in some types of chemical reactions, such as digestion and the breakdown of large biological molecules. Water is added to the bonds of the larger molecules in specific reactions termed hydrolysis reactions.

4. Water serves a protective function by forming a watery cushion (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain and amniotic fluid cushions the fetus).

5) Distinguish between a dehydration synthesis and a hydrolysis reaction.

Answer: In a dehydration synthesis reaction, a more complex molecule is formed from two simpler ones, and a water molecule is lost as each bond forms. An example of dehydration synthesis is seen when a disaccharide is formed from two
monosaccharides. Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a more complex molecule into its building blocks. A water molecule is added to each bond, the bond is broken, and simpler molecules are formed. In the process, water is split into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxyl ion. An example of hydrolysis is seen when a disaccharide is broken down into two monosaccharides.

7) Explain why hydrolysis (decomposition) reactions require the addition of water.
Answer: Water molecules are added to the bonds of large organic molecules. When water is added to each bond, the bond is broken, and the molecule is broken down.

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 46

Answer: Exzymes, like other proteins, have active sites on their surfaces that chemically interact with other molecules of complementary shape and charge. These active sites must "fit" with the substrate. Enzymes bind to the reacting substrates and structural changes result in a new product.

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 52

glucose + fructose → water + sucrose
Answer: Glucose and fructose are two monosaccharides. Sucrose is a disaccharide. Glucose and fructose are combining to form sucrose. This is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction. A water molecule is lost from the two simple sugars as the bond forms to create the double sugar.

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 46

In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally. For example, the 2.

electron pairs in carbon dioxide orbit the entire molecule.