Whereas only two the ten north american species coexist lack

Western Michigan University

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GAP FORMATION: A REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISM FOR PARUS ATRICAPILLUS AND P. CAROLINENSIS IN NORTHERN INDIANA

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Peter Gorham Merritt

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MERRITT, Peter Gorham

GAP FORMATION: A REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING

Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

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CHAPTER		PAGE
I		1
I		1

The Range Relationship of P. atvioccpitlus

CHAPTER	SUMMER O B S E R V A T I O N S .......................	46	PAGE
IX	SUMMER O B S E R V A T I O N S .......................	46	PAGE
X		47	49
		47
	Possible Explanations for the Gap . . . . . .
IX			53
	The Evolution of Range Relationships . . . .		55
	Evolution of the Gap...................	61'
		67
		69	75
			75

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oaroZinensisin northern Indiana as determined

10.	by soliciting song responses....................		29
10.			35
11.			36
12.	Spring observations	for trapping station 3 . . .	37
13.	Spring observations		38
14.		for trapping station 5 . . .	39
15.		for trapping station 6 . . .	40
16.			40

oaroZinensisin northern Indiana as determined

by soliciting song responses.................... 44

showing approximate distributions of Parus
atvioapillus and P. oavolinensis and records
of migration in P. atvioap'LZlus................. 63

TABLE	Number of Downy Woodpeckers, Tufted Titmice and	PAGE
1.	Number of Downy Woodpeckers, Tufted Titmice and	PAGE

White-breasted Nuthatches banded at each trap

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

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are essentially allopatric and evidence suggests that, owing to the birds ecological similarity, competition takes place where the ranges adjoin (Brewer, 1963).

The Range Relationship of
P. atrioapiZZusand P. oaroZinensis

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CHAPTER I I

STUDY AREA

references to habitat will be provided. Additional information pertaining to climate and other aspects of natural history for the area may be found in an authoritative series of papers edited by Lindsey (1966).

Drainage and Physiography

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87	Kosciusko		8.5
87	Kosciusko	Cod	8.5

W abash Co.

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A detailed description of the riparian vegetation along the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers west of the study area by Lindsey et al. (1961) probably provides a fairly accurate description of the same vegetation within The isolated wood lots are of variable size and quality; the study area.

a typical one might be from .004 to .008 ha in size and show signs of selective lumbering and grazing in the past. Nearly all wood lots, however, seem to remain relatively undisturbed throughout most of the year and many show a good range of size variation for the constituent trees and shrubs.

Preliminary field work in 1963 and 1966 by Richard Brewer and by

me in 1975 indicated that P. atrioccp'iZ'lusoccurred near the city of

ship of the ranges, a series of trapping stations was set up on a north-

south line transecting the range interface. Criteria for trapping

areas chosen; the exact location and ownership of each site is listed

in Appendix 1.

al. (1969). The woods had no standing or running water; however, it

lies only about a half mile from the Tippecanoe River. Several acres of

Figure 2. Map of the study area showing the location of the six

trapping stations.

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The woods finally chosen for the fourth trapping station was a diverse one of about .008 ha. The southern part of the woods was mesic, although most of the larger trees had been cut down within the past several years and many tree tops were left on the forest floor making it very dense in spots. The eastern part of the woods was very wet and the northwest portion of the woods consisted of a few acres of red maple swamp.
To the east, the swamp graded into a few acres of young oak-hickory woods.

The adjacent property to the north and east of the trapping area was also wooded.