CVE80010 Principles of Sustainability- Winds and Humidity
Question
The basic changes that you must cover are changes in precipitation, sea level, humidity, wind and temperature. Your report must cover social impacts, and you have to integrate regional considerations including water supplies, food supplies and refugee movements. You should include the readily apparent adaptations or actions briefly that are taken likely to mitigate the impacts– but
this is not the primary focus of the task.
Climate change projections are typically discussed against a series of different reference years (e.g. 2030, 2050, 2100) because some regions will experience different impacts at different times (rather than just increasing severity of each) – so make sure your report considers this variability over at least two of the projected times.
If your home city has already developed a climate change risk assessment or adaptation plan, your report should find a different angle to consider the issue from. It is not acceptable to take a single report as your only reference source. If you feel the amount of work already completed for your chosen city leaves you no room for originality, then you may wish to choose a different city that
you’re familiar with.
Answer
Introduction:
The following report intends to discuss the problem of climate change as found in the capital city of Iraq, Baghdad, and critically analyze the environmental impact of this climate change on the rainfall, river level, humidity, temperature rise of the state. At the same time, the report also intends to discuss some of the common challenges Baghdad is encountering, such as water and food scarcity and high rate of immigration.
Background:
The city of Baghdad covers an area of 204.2 km2, and as per research reports, the population of the state is approximately around 6.643 million (Osman et al., 2014). Tigris is one of the important rivers passing into Baghdad, which divides itself into two parts, On the eastern half, the river is known as Risafa, while the western counterpart of the same is popularly known as Karkh. As far as the climate of the state is concerned, it is a hot place with an dry humid climate (Baghdad Geography and Climate 2015). Usually here, the summer season sets in around the months of June to August, during which the maximum average temperature can soar as high as 44 degree Celsius, although the temperature at times can also rise above 50 degree Celsius. The night temperature is also equally high, and lies mostly above 24 degree Celsius. At the same time, the humidity of the region is extremely low as well, and the dust storms occurring at least once a week comes from the western part of the Iraq desert. On the
other hand, the winter season usually sets in from December to February, and the average temperature of the region lies somewhere between 15 degree Celsius to 16 degree Celsius. The temperature during the winter can be extremely low, going below 0 degree Celsius occasionally. As per reports, the average rate of rainfall per year is approximately 140 mm (Baghdad Geography and climate 2015).
Climate Change Elements:
It is important to note here that between the years of 2020 to 2100, many factors are likely to have adverse impact of the climate condition of Baghdad, such as its humidity level, precipitation, temperature level as well as river water level.
Precipitation and Temperatures:
A recent research study was conducted that intended to investigate the climatological information of the different states of Iraq, including Baghdad and the research results clearly identified the potential risk of climate change that Iraq is encountering in present times ( Azooz and Talal, 2005). The research shows that over the last years, Baghdad has been experiencing a remarkable increase in the average temperature, and its mean temperature is forecast to increase by 2.2 % in 2050 as compared with its counterpart in the year of 1900. Further, the research has also stated how the rainfall rate is also expected to decrease by 25% in the coming years as compared to the rainfall rates recorded in 1900 ( Azooz and Talal, 2005).
River Water Level:
The Tigris river is a very important river for the people of Baghdad, especially because the people of Baghdad are dependent on it for agriculture, industrial use as well as domestic purpose. In recent times, a case study has predicted that owing to the continuing challenge of climate change as increasing demand for water, the Tigris river is under intense threat in future. Owing to the immigration issue, the population of Baghdad is expected to rise, whereby the yearly demand for water is likely to increase by 0.5271 km3/year in 2020. Besides, the report has also stated that the overall consumption is also likely to increase, and it will be around 60.43% of Tigris incoming discharge (Issa et al., 2014).
Winds and Humidity:
As far as the average wind level is concerned, it is usually around 3.15 m/s as per the inspect climate data from 1971 to 2000. At winter times, the average speed of the wind is somewhere between (2.5-2.6) m/s; However, during the spring season, the wind level is expected to be something around (3.2-3.6) m/s. In summer, the average rate of winds is rise to roughly (4-4.5) m/s. Finally, during the season of autumn, the average speed of the wind tends to decline between (2.6-2.8) m/s (Hassoon, 2013). As far as the humidity level of Baghdad is concerned, the relative humidity in Baghdad is expected to be 42.3% and the average humidity level usually ranges from 21% in June to 71% in January (Climate MPs 2015).
Discussion:
The climate of a place has an adverse impact on the socio-economic lives of the people, and the same holds true for Baghdad as well. Owing to the problem of climate change, the people are facing problems with water scarcity as well as food security, and needless to state that owing to the high rate of immigration, the ecological sustainability of the place is getting affected as well. Hence, pollution, traditional methods of irrigation and lack of sustainable approaches to solve the problem, continue to threaten the state.
Water Scarcity in Iraq and Baghdad:
Prior research studies have suggested that Baghdad is running short of water, and this problem has emerged especially because it is in great need of improving and constructing hydraulic structures, finding relevant solutions for the irrigation problems and develop its infrastructure for efficient distribution of water (Relief International 2015). Consequently, the authors of the previous research studies emphasize the importance of proposing recommendations for the period of 2020 to 2050, so that Baghdad can combat with the issues of population growth and climate change. In this connection, it can be stated that the Iraqi government needs to consider the idea of preparing a national water master plan, with the help of the government parties as well as the NGO. Further, it is also advised that the Iraqi government also arranges for the rehabilitation of water infrastructures that needs to include water treatment plants, as well as building of new pumping stations and hydraulic power plants; the Iraqi government should also ban the excessive use of different chemical fertilizers or pesticides that do deteriorate the quality of water (Relief International 2015). Besides, the use of effective and efficient irrigation methods that are deemed appropriate for the soil type of the region and water type should be encouraged as well. Besides, it is also advised that the state stops employing the use of traditional irrigation practices as it leads to waste water. As alternative methods of irrigation, drip irrigation could be used. However, it is appropriate for using salty water in orchards only. As such, sprinkler irrigation can be called a better and more convenient alternative for growing grain crops. Accordingly, the government has to come forward and spread awareness amongst the public regarding the importance of using alternative irrigation practices, such as drip and sprinkler irrigation techniques. At the same time, this is high time that the country starts installing sewage treatment plants and this will help in satisfying the increased needs for consumption of domestic segment. Besides, the use of modern technology like membrane bioreactor technology can be of great use in water treatment plants as well (Relief International 2015).
Refugee Movement and Food Security:
Currently, Iraq is encountering a politically instable condition and the northern as well as the central part of the country has been transformed into a war zone for the rebels and fanatics. As a result of the humanitarian crisis prevailing in Iraq, a huge number of people have left their homes and are searching for new shelters (Relief International 2015). As a result, many people, approximately 2 million people have fled from other parts of Iraq and have flocked in Baghdad, which in turn is creation heavy pressure on the countryside households. As a result, food and water scarcity are emerging to be two important challenges here. As a result, Baghdad is encountered various challenges including water scarcity, a variety of plant and animal diseases, insufficient agricultural and livestock services, and others. The government immediately requires to take up concrete steps that can help in preventing the problem of livelihood degradation from Baghdad, as it is affecting the well-being of the residents of Baghdad, especially the impoverished ones (Relief International 2015).
Sustainable solutions for future of Baghdad:
It is clearly evident from the above discussion that Baghdad is suffering from various obstacles including poor infrastructure in terms of water and sewage systems, as well as environmental pollution. Hence, some solutions are recommended below:
Water Management Techniques:
One of the main challenges lies with the Baghdad water distribution system. This is especially so because the distribution system comprises of a complex and very old network of pipelines which are buried underground and consequently they are mostly unreachable. In order to ensure effective distribution of water amongst all the people of Baghdad, it is important to repair as well as maintain these pipelines properly. Consequently, it is also clear that there is also a great need of tracking and in-situ, on-line monitoring of water distribution network systems so as to ensure efficient and quick management and operation process. It is also important to detect as well as localize the pipe leakage as soon as it is happening. At the same time, it is important to identify the ‘hotspots’ which can be considered to be vulnerable to operational failure. All these steps taken together can largely help in reducing the problems with water supply in the coming days ( Whittle et al., 2013).
Renewable Energy:
A research study conducted in recent times claimed that Baghdad should start employing the use of solar power in Iraq and Baghdad as an alternative of electricity power . This is especially recommended as the sustainable method in Baghdad can be of remarkable use in reducing the carbon emissions and greenhouse gas emissions which are harmful to the atmosphere. The authors of the research also claimed that every single solar power station will as such be able to produce approximately 10 MW in preliminary stage (Al-Helal, A 2015). This study thus helped in establishing the important benefits of establishing various solar parks. The authors claim that this would aid in the reduction of approximately 200,000 meter tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually, supply around 111 careers for every 10 MW during the construction stage, and it could keep about 10% of 130,000 barrels per day that currently, Iraq is using for generating electricity from fossil-fuel power plants (Al-Helal, A 2015).
Sustainable Agriculture:
The importance of sustainable agriculture, also referred to as the eco-agriculture cannot be overstated. This form of agriculture helps in offering a high produce without compromising with the natural resources. The sustainable approach of agriculture helps in working in compliance with the natural cycle as well (Union of Concerned Scientists 2015). This form of agriculture is known for using the best current method as well as the modern technology that can help in eliminating the accidental consequence of industrial agriculture. Hence, this form of agriculture helps in reducing the use of harmful pesticides, while also manages to be the most cost-efficient method of agriculture (Union of Concerned Scientists 2015).
Conclusion:
To sum up, the report has discussed about the climate change issue as encountered by Baghdad, and also offers recommendations that may be useful in combating the problem as well. The introduction of modern and highly innovative methods is highly recommended, as with the help of advanced water management systems, as it will help in monitoring the carbon emissions released by the traditional power generating methods. This is exactly the reason why the use of eco-technology is highly recommended.
Bibliography:
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