EDUC604 : Leadership a Critical Perspective : American Historian and

It has never been easy defining leadership yet it is well known they are all around. According to the American historian and political scientist James McGregor Burns, the phenomena of leadership is one of the most observed however it is least understood on earth (Goethals & Allison, 2016). Defining the term leadership has been one of the most complex issues due to the fact that leadership in itself is a complex term. Some have even considered leadership as a myth and people have false hope that someone with force of will come and solve all the existing problems with their leadership qualities (Burns, 2017). However, there have been pieces of evidence proving that people do hold certain hopes that leaders are the people who are capable of doing things which for other might be unrealistic (Swanson & Frederick, 2016). The concept of leadership has been studied previously by many scholars and the concept will be defined by studying them. The aim of the essay is to critically evaluate the way leader’s practice of leadership impacts the success of the organization. Firstly, the essay defines and explore the concept of leadership. The way the success of the leaders/CEOs can be evaluated. There are various challenges that a leader face on the path of success. Secondly, the essay discusses the challenges CEOs face while focusing on just financial metrics to the long-term success of organizations. Thirdly, there are challenges leader face in balancing financial and ESG performance metrics and the essay will focus on this particular aspect and the way leaders should be addressing these forms of challenges.

Leadership is referred to an influence relationship between the followers and leaders. The concept of leadership involves influence, where the leader is commonly the influencer and the followers follow the influence (Shamir & Howell, 2018). There is an inclusion of three main factors in the leadership, influence, changes and purpose. Influence is something that is noncoercive and multidirectional. It is shared in the relation between the leaders and followers. The people involved in the relationship is acting for a change which for organizations can be factors such as growth, success and related goals (Dong et al., 2017). Lastly, it is the purpose that initiates the change. The purpose is the reason that makes the leader and the followers join hands to bring the change for the purpose. Like every other aspect, there are changes that have taken place in the concept of leadership along with time. The old paradigm of leader was perceived as a stabilizer, controller, competitor, diversity avoider and hero (Hickman & Silva, 2018). A new reality is seen with the rapid change in time and with the massive growth of the corporate sector. The new paradigm of a leader is perceived as a change manager, facilitator, collaborator, diversity promoter and humble (Daft, 2014).

Companies struggle hard to find and recruit well-known CEOs with a charismatic personality. The organization put in them a great amount of hope since it is the leader who will act and bring good days for the company. Often it works other ways for the organization and owner realize that the problem has only got worse. A good example of this particular incident is when Yahoo hired the Autodesk’s CEO, Carol Bartz in 2009 in hopes that the leader will be able to change the company’s fortune. In the middle of 2012, Marissa Mayer, the Google executive was hired by Yahoo as the fifth CEO in the five tears. People are actually hopeful regarding their leader and consider them as someone who would beat the uncertain situation. Barak Obama was one of the U.S. presidents who with his charismatic person created the feeling of hopeful in people in 2008.

The success of a leader can be evaluated in various ways such as considering the growth of the company and the way the company is making its logical movement toward success (Aronson, Shenhar & Patanakul, 2013). The success of a good leadership can be obtained by the way the followers act. Often followers’ behaviour can say a lot about the leader. However, the characteristics of the leaders have changed along with time. Therefore, to evaluate the success of a CEO can be seen from the following perspective:

Direction: a leader is able to create a compelling vision of the future which is used to influence the followers. A vision is a picture of ambition and a future that is desirable by the by the organization (Renko et al, 2015). The vision is created by the leader that is able to portray the future aspirations. Creating such vision motivates the followers to overcome the challenges that would come the way to the opportunity. The leader is only seen to be successful when he/she is able to provide the direction or direct the followers towards the goal.

Aligning followers: when the followers are aligned according to the plan, the success is not farsighted. Therefore, the success of a CEO heavily depends on the followers. A leader is constantly communicating the vision to shape the followers and align them in the way it is appropriate. It is not always providing direction. Followers are encouraged to bring out the best in them instead of just providing performance. Therefore, while evaluating the success of CEO it is necessary to study the alignments of the followers (Mazarr et al., 2018). A CEO’s success can be evaluated by the evaluation of his or her follower’s potential trust.  There is no place for coercion in leadership relation and followers tend to act with their own will which develops in the way CEO builds his relationship (Podsakoff & House, 2013).

The outcome: the most tangible and observed feature that determines the CEO’s success is the result. A successful CEO’s works are result oriented and that is the first thing that is easily observed by outsiders mostly (Latham, 2013). The success of a CEO can be evaluated by the changes he or she brings in the organization along with a positive outcome.

There is no school of CEOs where one can get the learning of running a company. It is only through experience that one becomes able to run a business, master it and become successful. Chief executives must learn the art of leading a company and they will be learning while everyone is there to watch him or her. It is the job of the senior executives to be responsible for the decisions and actions were taken in the organization even the ones they are unaware of. According to evidence, it is found that CEOs between 35 per cent to 50 per cent are replaced within the span of five years (Mehrotra et al., 2013). CEOs have to come up with ideas that would make their organization flourish regardless of the product they are selling or the service they are providing. The philosophy for the CEOs is to decide the right approaches to leadership. By approaching it includes areas of corporate policies such as strategic planning, recruitment, Research and development. The attention is toward the kind of people the CEO prefers in the organization. Therefore with all the leadership approaches mentioned are what CEOs use to meet the needs of their organization. These are the qualities that are used to evaluate a CEO’s success.

Many organization believes that it is the performance that is important and matters for the organization. These companies put numbers or financial metrics in the first place and make the metrics the benchmark of an organization’s progress (Gunasekaran et al., 2015). However, the true leaders know that there are various challenges that one has to face when the financial metrics are given the major priority. The important factors are the non-financial metrics which are useful for measuring the company’s performance. Leaders are faced with challenges in various ways and their ability to do the right thing is tested. Leaders are put in places where they perform tasks such as cutting down costs and increase profit, meet the needs of the vendors and business partners, and look successful. With all the pressures it becomes hard to maintain the ethical behaviours free from corruption. Authentic and ethical leadership is what helps in measuring the value of an organization. The financial metrics can be useful in the short-term however there are challenges when it is about long-term goals. It is the performance that is needed to be measured and in the traditional way, it is the financially oriented system. Leaders today feel differently about it. Today activities that capture the value of organization fail to fully capture in the tangible or fixed assets of the firm. Instead the whole value rests on people’s idea and thinking, customer and supplier’s relationship, culture of quality and innovation. There are traditional financial matrixes which were used earlier to measure the value of the company. However with the growing change it does not apply in in the recent days. The financial measures do provide excellent review of the past performance and events in the organization however, it cannot help in predicting the future. Today, in this contemporary era the team comprises of different functional area who come together to solve a certain problem. This particular phenomena is a kind of value that adds to the company which cannot be measured by financial measurement. The teamwork involving such value cannot be measured by the traditional financial metrics (Awadallah & Allam, 2015). The cost reduction method that aims to eliminate costs that are considered unnecessary which is a part of saving the financial assets of the company. Often these saving has led to long-term loss for the company. In this modern period leaders feel that there should be appropriate investment in important department of the company such as research and development, customer relationship management or associate development. It should be noted that often financial measures are not even relevant for many levels of the organization. When the surveys are conducted on organizations on different levels, it is observed that the financial measures are often not paid much attention and unrecognizable in decision making. The only factor that matters for the well-doing companies is the brand recognition and brand identity.

Consideration of environmental, social and governance metrics is not new. A criterion that is a set of standards for the operation of the company with social consciousness. The ESG criteria mainly refer to three factors regarding the company’s ethical impact and sustainable practices. For example, investors using ESG criteria will determine a company’s impact on climate change, amount of carbon emission from the company or the water usage. There are many discussion on ESG issues for it does not get the adequate amount of attention. There is also a number of reasons that explain why it is not a discussed topic. The main challenge leaders face in balancing financial and ESG performance is assigning a monetary value to the ESG issues and integrating them into quantitative models (Love et al., 2013). Since considering ESG criteria has a direct relationship with the finance of the company, it becomes hard for the company to abide by it. Leaders cannot always disclose the ESG related facts and therefore, it becomes a challenge for the leaders to understand the limitation regarding the ESG related disclosure. There is a big tendency to influence the financial performance of the company in long-term, however, there are companies that have relatively short-term horizons. Although ESG has positive aspects in the organization, leaders are constantly faced with challenges. Even with the will to consider ESG leaders do not get the chance to consider the ESG issue. Lack of demand from the client’s perspective has become one of the major reason why leaders fail to consider ESG issues. The major portion of the company ten to value only the material issues. The issues that are not material are not valued by the customers. There is a lack of information among the population which is one reason why leaders face a hard time implementing ESG criteria.

Leaders are seen as the change maker and therefore there are ways which let them address these challenges. The first methods that should be adopted by the leaders for considering ESG issues can be exclusionary screening. Exclusionary screening refers to the act of avoiding companies or countries on basis of its traditional moral values, norms and standards. In this way, the leaders can avoid getting into places that fail to encourage thinking in social, environmental and with governance. Often companies dealing with products or services involving alcohol, tobacco or gambling and companies who are pertaining to human rights and environmental protections are the examples who tend to be non-supportive of the ESG policies and issues (Lokuwaduge & Heenetigala, 2017). Best-in-class selection is a process of preferring companies who tend to be better or improving ESG performance relative that is relative to sector peers. It is basically a method of a positive section of the companies selected for partnership or another business-oriented requirement. Taking active ownership is the practice of leaders to speak actively with other companies regarding the ESG issues. It is an exercise performed by the leader for both ownership rights and as a voice to effect change. Engagement with companies and influencing them with the right words regarding the ESG will spread the awareness and encourage more companies to consider the ESG issues (Friede, Busch & Bassen, 2015).

Leadership is the ability and the quality of an individual or group to influence other members called followers and guide them to overcome problems. Leadership involves many criteria such as making a decision, creating visions and establishing goals. In today’s turbulent world the job of a leader is not easy, CEOs are bestowed with immense responsibility and they are seen with hope. A successful leader is determined by various factors that have been mentioned above such as its way of influencing, the way a leader is able to motivate its employees and lastly the importance of ethics. Along with the responsibility, there is a major challenge that is faced by organizations. Financial metric is often found as the measurement of a company’s performance. However, it is found that it is a traditional method of judging the performance of a company by it financial metric. There are other factors as well which adds value to the company and they cannot be measured by the financial matrix. The challenges are faced by the leaders for ESG issues are also a relevant part. It requires the leaders to take initiative and appropriate measures to find a solution to it. In the end, it is clear why the multinational companies invest and seek for the best CEOs around the globe. It is due to the abilities they have to build a company and take the company to reach unimaginable goals.

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