ENGG100 Tensile Test Lab Report For the Aluminium and Mild Steel
Answer:
Introduction
Application of engineering design expands through numerous fields in the real world. Designs from paper and theory are put into real world to solve real world problems. Before any application of engineering design in the various fields for example in the aircraft industry, railways building and transportation, manufacture of plastics and pressure vessels, it is crucial to understand the characteristics of the material to be used to manufacture some of these infrastructure and or equipment [1]. One of the important ways to ascertain these properties is through carrying out a tensile test’s tensile test is carried out to determine the yielding stress and time of a material in engineering. The test is done on a universal Tensile Machine.
The specimen which is an Aluminium and Mild Steel in these case is prepared for the test by marking and cutting out a part on the specimen. It is at this point that the metal will be stretched and the results from how much load it can take in versus the time it takes to do so before it yields by snapping is recorded [2]. The Tensile test can also be used to determine other properties of engineering materials for example the percentage elongation, and the ultimate strength. For further analysis of the properties of the material the original gauge length and diameter are further used in calculations as will be indicated by the report.
Methods
Apparatus
- Universal testing machine
- 3 Aluminium sample pieces
- 3 Mild Steel samples pieces
- Data recording program
- Vernier callipers
Test procedure
- The sizes of the specimens including their thickness and width were determined using the Vernier callipers. The gauge length of the specimen was determined.
- The workpieces were cut into a “dog-bone” shape after the gauge length of each specimen was determined [3].
- The work piece loaded into the universal testing machine after several adjustments had been made to the machine including zeroing, and adjusting of the machine jaws, attaching of extensometers on the machine’s reduced sections and using the scroll wheel where slippage was a problem.
- Adjusted the extensometers to zero after removal of the specimen from the machine. Embarked on measuring the strain of the specimen.
- To stop the test, separate the tensile grips at an incessant speed. Dictated by the shape of the specimen. The results are plotted on a spreadsheet by the machine for analysis.
- Concluded the test after the work piece breaks [4].
Results
- results from the experiment
|
Mild Steel |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aluminums | |
|
Time s |
Extension mm |
Load N |
Strain mm/mm |
Stress Mpa |
Extension mm |
Load N |
Strain mm/mm |
Stress Mpa |
|
0 |
0 |
0.9 |
0 |
0.05 |
0 |
0.611 |
0 |
0.024 |
|
10 |
0.83 |
4694.34 |
0.01 |
238.89 |
0.832 |
2687.75 |
0.01 |
106.634 |
|
20 |
1.67 |
4831.41 |
0.021 |
245.87 |
1.665 |
2884.17 |
0.021 |
114.427 |
|
30 |
2.5 |
4781.08 |
0.31 |
243.3 |
2.498 |
2981.6 |
0.031 |
118.292 |
|
40 |
3.33 |
4918.83 |
0.042 |
250.31 |
3.332 |
3048.76 |
0.042 |
120.957 |
|
50 |
4.17 |
4926.58 |
0.052 |
250.71 |
4.165 |
3071.7 |
0.052 |
121.867 |
|
60 |
5 |
5257.07 |
0.062 |
267.53 |
4.998 |
3112.23 |
0.062 |
123.475 |
|
70 |
5.83 |
5437.01 |
0.073 |
276.68 |
5.832 |
2877.54 |
0.073 |
114.164 |
|
80 |
6.66 |
5575.88 |
0.083 |
283.75 |
6.665 |
-645.521 |
0.083 |
-25.61 |
|
81 |
6.75 |
5584.21 |
0.083 |
283.75 |
6.665 |
-645.521 |
0.084 |
-25.61 |
|
81.1 |
6.76 |
5584.04 |
0.084 |
284.17 |
6.757 |
-791.985 |
0.084 |
-31.41 |
|
100 |
8.33 |
5775.18 |
0.104 |
293.89 |
|
|
|
|
|
110 |
9.16 |
5847.52 |
0.115 |
297.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
120 |
10 |
5911.04 |
0.125 |
300.81 |
|
|
|
|
|
130 |
10.83 |
5965.41 |
0.135 |
303.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
140 |
11.67 |
6010.53 |
0.146 |
305.87 |
|
|
|
|
|
150 |
12.5 |
6042.57 |
0.156 |
307.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
160 |
13.33 |
6072.26 |
0.167 |
309.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
170 |
14.16 |
6092.93 |
0.177 |
310.06 |
|
|
|
|
|
180 |
15 |
6113.24 |
0.187 |
311.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
190 |
15.83 |
6129.65 |
0.198 |
311.93 |
|
|
|
|
|
200 |
16.67 |
6140.36 |
0.208 |
312.48 |
|
|
|
|
Graph I, Mild Steel
Graph II Aluminium
Equations
Discussion
Micro-crysttaline Nature of the Specimen
The analysis of the dat from the test of the two metal samples indicates a difference. There is a difference in the rate and length of extesnsions in Aluminium as compared to that in Mild Steel. The calculations for the strain, stress and length of the two samples when compared also show diffrences in the properties of the two metals. Aluminium extends more and recorded more extension than Mild steel [5]. All these is an indication of the difference in the microcrystalline nature of the two metals. The material science of the two materials diifferes greatly in that the atoms of Mild stell are closely packed as compared to those of Aluminium. It gives mild steel a upper hand because it is hard to breal this closely packed atoms connected with strong bonds [6].
Yield Points
Mild Steel reached its yielding point at 240 Mpa whereas Aluminium reached its yielded at 105 Mpa. Comparing the gradients of both metals from the Stress-Strain graphs to obtain the Young’s Modulus, we also find that Mild Steel has a higher Young’s Modulus than Aluminium [7]. It therefore means that before it deflects, Mild Steel takes up a lot of load as compared to Aluminium [4]. Loading of the specimens after they have yielded determines there plastic region- appoint where irreversible damage is caused on the metals specimen. For Mild Steel, this point was at approximately335 Mpa while for Aluminium was at 80 MPa [8]. Mild steel has high values of strain and stress. After necking has occurred it can be clearly seen from the graphs that the graph drops downwards. Strain hardening could be the major cause of the high strain in mild Steel.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the tensile test provides a very insightful study of the material science of different engineering materials. The results and conclusion enable the engineers to apply the materials in the suitable industry for quality and safety of the people who are going to use the components made from the materials. Mild steel for instance has a very high yielding point. The compact nature of the microstructure of Mild Steel enables it to withstand more load before it necks and or yields. Also the axial loads are well withstood by Mild Steel giving it a very high strain power. Its application n therefore lies in the high tensile zones for example manufacture of chisels. Aluminium is applied in industries that require low density material for example the aviation industry due to its nature of ductility and low yield points. In general, experimental results and analysis as compared with the theoretical values proves that the experiment was well within the required margin of error. There might have been slight errors for example during the measuring with the callipers-parallax error. However this should be avoided in future by ensuring that all readings are taken perpendicularly from the instrument.
Works Cited
|
[1] |
J. R. Y. P. H. A. a. N. K. N. Pothnis, ". "High strain rate tensile behavior of aluminum alloy 7075 T651 and IS 2062 mild steel."," Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 133, no. 2 (2011): 021026., 2011. |
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[2] |
Q. K. D. O. V. S. R. a. F. J. Zhang, "Deep eutectic solvents: syntheses, properties and applications., " Chemical Society Reviews 41, no. 21 (2012): 7108-7146., 2012. |
|
[3] |
H. K. G. J. R. G. P. a. K. P. R. Rafi, "Microstructural evolution during friction surfacing of tool steel H13, ." Materials & Design 32, no. 1 (2011):, 2011, pp. 82-87.. |
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[4] |
I. R. P. a. M. A. Q. Ahamad, "Adsorption and inhibitive properties of some new Mannich bases of Isatin derivatives on corrosion of mild steel in acidic media., " Corrosion Science 52, no. 4: 1472-1481., (2010). |
|
[5] |
H. A. I. M. I. E. R. a. Z. A. A. Seli, "Mechanical evaluation and thermal modelling of friction welding of mild steel and aluminium, ." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 210, no. 9 : 1209-1216., (2010). |
|
[6] |
T. T. M. a. T. H. Tanaka, "Comprehensive analysis of joint strength for dissimilar friction stir welds of mild steel to aluminum alloys., " Scripta Materialia 61, no. 7 (2009): 756-759., (2009). |
|
[7] |
K. Y. M. K. M. M. S. a. M. K. Suzuki, "Tensile and microbend tests of pure aluminum foils with different thicknesses.", Materials Science and Engineering: A 513 (2009):, 2009, pp. 77-82.. |
|
[8] |
D. S. Dugdale, ""Yielding of steel sheets containing slits."Journal of the MechanicsandPysics of Solids".(2011): pp. 100-114 |
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[9] |
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