Gsbs6009 Cross-Cultural Management | Dimensions Assessment Answers

Answer:

Introduction

Culture can be defined as the social behavior or the norms which are prevalent in the human society (Valmohammadi and Roshanzamir 2015). The culture of a place is taken to be the central concept in anthropology which tends to encompass the phenomena of social learning in the society. Culture represents aspects like social practices, the behaviour of the different people, expressive forms like music, dance, art, religion and other technologies (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 2004). If conducting business with people belonging to different cultures, it becomes primarily important for the managers to have knowledge about the culture of another company to ensure that effective communication can take place and there exists cultural understanding between the two different countries (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 2002).  The report will be using the framework of Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner's two compare the cultures of two chosen countries named Sweden and Japan.

A brief culture about two countries

Japan is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean. The nation has dense cities, national parks and various shrines as well as temples. The main islands of Kyushu, Honshu and Hokkaido are connected by the Shinkansen bullet trains. The capital of the nation is Tokyo which is popularly known for its skyscrapers, pop culture and shopping activities.

On the other hand, Sweden is a Scandinavian nation which has a large number of coastal islands and inland lakes. The primary city in the nation is Stockholm which is built on 14 islands. There is a charm of ancient town in the country with many royal palaces and museums.

The seven dimensions of Culture- Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner model

The given dimensions of culture was formed by the two management consultants named, Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner. The model was prepared after analyzing the cultures of different people all around the globe (Valmohammadi and Roshanzamir 2015). According to their study, the people belonging to the different cultures tend to differ from one another in certain specific aspects and these aspects are predictable in nature (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 1997). This can be largely contributed to the fact that each culture has a specific way of thinking, values, beliefs and preferences which is based on various factors. The seven dimensions are given below:

1. Universalism versus particularism.
2. Individualism versus communitarianism.
3. Specific versus diffuse.
4. Neutral versus emotional (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 2002).
5. Achievement versus ascription.
6. Sequential time versus synchronous time.
7. Internal direction versus outer direction (Valmohammadi and Roshanzamir 2015).

Universalism versus particularism

The universalism aspect tends to measure the importance which people in the country tend to place on law, values and different obligations. In Japan, the rules hold utmost importance. The people in the organizations understand the work beliefs and values, take proper decision making and keep the promises (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 2002).   Hence, the work in organizations is more efficient.

On the other hand particularism is based on the belief that each circumstance and relationship has to dictate the rules that they live by.      Sweden can be stated to be a Universalist country where the stress lays on the rules and regulations which govern the people and even Japan has an upper middle degree of universalism (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 1997). In this aspect, it can be stated to be similar to Sweden. At Sweden, the people working in an organization are quite particular about the policies and well defined frameworks. It can be stated that in both the countries, ruled dominate the relationships.

Individualism versus communitarianism

The individualist cultures tend to believe that the individual person is more important than that of the whole group. Individuals in Organizations with high individualist cultures tend to like personal freedom and make individual decisions. On the other hand,   a communitarian culture can be considered to be group oriented culture (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 2002).  Sweden as a country is highly individualist where the different individuals in an organization give utmost importance to themselves frost and their tasks and the country Japan can be stated to be highly communitarianism country. The people working in Japanese organizations are more concerned with working in different groups together (McLuhan 2015). Hence, the organizations in Sweden have a flat structure whereas organizations in Japan have a hierarchical structure

Specific versus diffuse

According to Trompenaars, a specific culture can be described as one in which the different people have a greater space where others are allowed to enter and the specific group which is private in nature is quite small comparatively. However, this is not the case in diffuse culture where the public and private space are of the same size (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 1997). Different individuals tend to guard their space effectively because an entrance into public might mean an entrance into the private as well. Sweden is stated to have a highly specific culture and space where their public life and provide one is quite separate (Marouf 2016). The individuals working in organizations in the country tend to talk in a friendly manner to all colleagues but they have their own private groups as well. On the other hand, Japan has diffused culture (Valmohammadi and Roshanzamir 2015). The office culture is guided accordingly in a manner that the Japanese treat all their colleagues in a respectful manner and include them in different celebrations.

Neutral versus emotional

In a culture which is highly neutral the people generally do not inhibit their emotions in front of others. The different people hide their feelings to act socially and maintain their composure. Japan can be stated to be a highly neutral culture where the people remain composed most of the time. There are specific etiquettes which are required to be maintained in these organizations. On the other hand an emotional culture can be described as one where the emotions are expressed openly. The different people in this kind of a culture, talk more, smile regularly and are excited (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 1997). Sweden has an emotional culture where people are expressive and appear happy on the outside which makes them highly approachable. The organizations are communicative and a good are where creativity fosters. In the business domain, neutralism is often taken to be boredom or attitude but in reality it is not the case. This affects the organizational relationships (Ching-Hwang 2013).

Achievement versus ascription

The given dimension tends to focus on the aspects that render status to the different people. In case of the achievement oriented cultures, the people are considered to be given status based on the manner in which they perform in their functions (Valmohammadi and Roshanzamir 2015). Whereas, in the ascribed cultures they are given status based on the identity of an individual and who he is.

In Sweden, status is given to the high achievers whereas in Japan the ascription cultures highly prevail. At Japanese organizations, management provides status on gender, social connections whereas, in Sweden the management gives acclamation to high performers (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 1997). The promotions which are given to the employees, take place based on this aspect.

Sequential time versus synchronous time

This dimension tends to concentrate on the manner in which people tend to deal with the concept of time. The sequential aspect states that the predominant individuals tend to take up one activity at a time whereas in the synchronous approaches, people tend to do more than one job at one time, they tend to keep work before self (Azanza, Moriano and Molero 2013).   People working in organizations in Sweden are more inclined towards the sequential time approach whereas in Japan they concentrate on synchronous time approach (Conferinta.management.ase.ro. 2018). Organizations in Sweden do not pressure employs whereas in Japan they are required to work overtime as the work needs to be complete irrespective of how late one gets for their family commitments.

Internal direction versus outer direction

The last dimension relates to the manner in which individuals tend to deal with the environment. It can be defined by their approach to whether the like to control the factors in the external environment or they are find with the way in which the things take place in the external environment (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars 1997). Those who like to take control will take the first option whereas those who do not opt for the second.  The organizations in Japan believe in going with the flow and do not need any control whereas the organizations and management in Sweden like to take control over the things in the external environment (Ijceronline.com 2018).

Conclusion

Therefore, from the given analysis it can be stated that the culture of Sweden tends to differ from the culture of Japan in various aspects. The culture of Sweden is more independent, controlling and expressive in nature. These people give importance to self needs and lead a happy life. On the other hand people in Japan tend to lead a subtle life and like the things to take place on their own. They do not express their feelings explicitly. Hence, the leadership in these countries may take place accordingly in context to the different organizations. The report explained the seven dimensions and identified the differences between the two countries using organizational contexts.

References

Azanza, G., Moriano, J.A. and Molero, F., 2013. Authentic leadership and organizational culture as drivers of employees’ job satisfaction. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 29(2).

Ching-Hwang, Y., 2013. Ethnic Chinese business in Asia: History, culture and business enterprise. World Scientific.

Conferinta.management.ase.ro., 2018. [online] Available at: https://conferinta.management.ase.ro/archives/2013/pdf/11.pdf [Accessed 7 Jul. 2018].

Hampden-Turner, C. and Trompenaars, F., 1997. Response to Geert Hofstede. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21(1), pp.149-159.

Hampden-Turner, C. and Trompenaars, F., 1997. Riding the waves of culture. London: Nicholas Brealey.

Hampden-Turner, C. and Trompenaars, F., 1997. The seven cultures of capitalism: Value system for creating wealth in the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, Sweden and the Netherlands. London: Piatkus.

Hampden-Turner, C. and Trompenaars, F., 1997. Mastering the infinite game: How East Asian values are transforming business practices. Oxford: Capstone.

Hampden-Turner, C.M. and Trompenaars, F., 2002. A mirror-image world: doing business in Asia. Managing across cultures: Issues and perspectives, p.284.

Ijceronline.com. ,2018. [online] Available at: https://www.ijceronline.com/papers/Vol7_issue8/E07082735.pdf [Accessed 7 Jul. 2018].

Marouf, L., 2016. The role of knowledge sharing culture in business performance. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 46(2), pp.154-174.

McLuhan, M., 2015. Culture is our business. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C., 2004. Managing people across cultures. Chichester: Capstone.

Valmohammadi, C. and Roshanzamir, S., 2015. The guidelines of improvement: Relations among organizational culture, TQM and performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 164, pp.167-178.