HBS108 Health Information | Public Health and Biomedical Research
Questions:
Read a number of articles related to public health and biomedical research. It helps one to grasp essential features of the articles if one writes about these articles in few bites.
1.Write in about the role and purpose of Institutional Review Board (IRB) in human subject research.
2.Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was an infamous clinical study conducted from 1932 to 1976 funded by the National Health Service. The subjects in the study who had syphilis were never told they had it and were never treated. The objective of the study was to see what happens if syphilis was untreated and ran its course. I want you to get information on this experiment from the internet and write about your reaction.
3.The article ‘Medical Myths’ was published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) in 2007. Pick up one myth and write about it.
4.Conducting clinical trials is a multi-billion dollar activity around the world. There are four phases in any clinical trial: Phases I, II, III, and IV. Write a few sentences on each phase.
5.Read the paper – ‘Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality’ by Tim Althoff et al – Nature, Vol. 547, 20 July 2017. This could be a tough reading. There are popular articles on this theme published in the New York Times (August 21, 2017) and Medical Press (July 10, 2017). These are easier. Write in about 10 sentences your reaction to the research that was carried out.
6.Henrietta Lacks was a poor African-American woman who died of cancer. Johns Hopkins University harvested her cells, without telling her, for research. Thousands of papers have been published utilizing her cells. Write your reaction on these unauthorized experiments.
7.The vitamin D juggernaut: There was an interesting article by Liz Szabo published in the New York Times on August 19, 2018. The article articulates how a fad was propagated on supposed vitamin D deficiency and how one doctor made millions on this. What you think about the whole episode.
Answers:
1.The IRB ensures expertise in human research by judging the adequacy and accuracy of information on the informed consent and other documents shared with the subjects
The IRB also supplies the researcher and the college with written notice of decisions to accept or decline research and of alterations needed to secure the approval of IRB in the research. The written notice must comprise of the rationale for the decision and provide the researcher an opportunity to provide a feedback in writing or in person.
IRB ascertains that the components are met before approval of research activities (Marchase, Urthaler, & Ball, 2011).
2.The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (Brunner, 2008) was extremely unethical and doesn’t qualify to be a scientific research worth of emulation because of many reasons. There was no informed consent and the study participants were not notified of all the known risks. Additionally, the participants had to consent to an autopsy after their death so that their burial expenses might be catered for. Some patients who happened to be participants were denied medical treatment with an aim of observing the distinct and deadly development of syphilis. No cure was administered to the participants and yet it was available and widely known to exist.
3.People should drink at least eight glasses of water per day.
This myth can be found in all common press. Its origin can be traced back to 1945 when it was advised that adults should take 2.5 litres per day, a millilitre of water for each calorie of food most of which is contained in cooked foods. A misinterpretation of the last recommendation led to the erroneous conclusion of eight glasses of water a day. Fredrick Stare might also led to the myth through his baseless recommendation of 6 to 8 glasses of water in 24 hours in any form of beverage (Vreeman & Carroll, 2007).
4.
Phase I
These are small trials, recruiting small number of patients. It can be accessible to people with cancer.
Phase II
This involves individual with same type of cancer or with varying types of cancer. Its more about side effects and their management
Phase III
Phase three trials compare new treatments with the best ones that exist. A new way of undertaking radiotherapy with the accepted way
Phase IV
These are carried out after a drug has proved to be effective and has been given a license. Geared towards ascertaining the side effects and safety of a drug (Sedgwick, 2011).
5.The research considered a larger dataset than any one known historically on human activity, thus, the study conclusions can be reliable due to its inclusivity.
The study is credible because the authors have calculated the activity inequality using the Gini Index, which is standardised
The use of computer simulations to demonstrate target interventions improves its internal validity
The findings of the study with regard to activity variations in gender is true with the case of Japan and Saudi Arabia
Reducing activity inequality through walkability is subjective
The study shows how smartphones can be used to gather data on one’s personal activity and lifestyle.
The use of Asumio Argus app is risky because the data can as well be manipulated by designers and producer to influence the mind of the people.
The outcomes of the study cannot be generalized in the case of developing countries due to 10% representation.
Since, the participants were not aware of the tracking, the findings are original and unaltered thus reliable
The findings are important in urban planning so as to increase walkability
6.The experiment on Lacks’ cells is totally unwarranted for because it consists of a series of a violation of human rights and research ethics. A relationship between a patient and a healthcare provider is always based on trust, but this was grossly violated by the medical practitioners at Johns Hopkins Medical. The cell samples were taken from her for purposes not notified to her. In fact they were taken while under medication. The decision by the doctors years later to go to Lacks’ family to seek for blood samples worsened the matter.
7.Dr Holick’s use of his prominent position in the medical world to gain a financial advantage by benefiting from corporations including drug dealers amount to Conflict of interest. This is a great violation of the work ethics. Additionally, the swaying away of practitioners like Dr. Mehmet Oz for financial gains amounted to conflict of interest. The alluring exaggerations on vitamin D deficiency by Dr Holicks led to millions of experiments to ascertain his conclusions. The further recommendations by Dr Holick in 2002 to use tanning beds as a vitamin D source were later found to be carcinogenic. Dr Holick has been money minded at the expense of the health of the people
References
Brunner, B. (2008). The Tuskegee syphilis experiment. on the website of Tuskegee
University, at www. tuskegee. edu/Global/Story. asp. Retrieved from https://www.cbsd.org/cms/lib010/PA01916442/Centricity/Domain/1912/Tuskegee%20Experiment.pdf
Marchase, R. B., Urthaler, F., & Ball, D. (2011). Roles and Responsibilities of the
Institutional Review Board (IRB) – IRB POL004. Retrieved from https://www.uab.edu/policies/content/Pages/UAB-RA-POL-0000122.aspx
Sedgwick, P. (2011). Phases of clinical trials. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 343.
Vreeman, R. C., & Carroll, A. E. (2007). Medical myths. Bmj, 335(7633), 1288-1289.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151163/
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