Hg67 : Aviation Management : Assessment Answers
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Aviation Management
Atmospheric Layers
There are five layers of the Earth's atmosphere, and they are as follows:
Exosphere
It is the highest layer of the atmosphere and is situated above the thermosphere from nearly 700 km sea level with almost 10,000 km altitude. It consists of low masses of helium, hydrogen and some heavy molecular particles which consist of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen. The atomic and molecular particles are so far from each other that they could move thousands of kilometers with striking with each other. The exosphere is situated very far from the Earth for any weather phenomena. But, sometimes aurora australis and the aurora borealis take place in the lower portion of the Exosphere and join with the Thermosphere(Hirschmann, 2018). The Exosphere comprises many satellites moving around the Earth.
Thermosphere
It is the second layer of the atmosphere, and its extension is from mesopause with almost 80 km altitude to the thermopause with 500-1000 km altitude. The increase in height leads to a rise in the temperature of the thermosphere. The temperature could increase up to 1500 C or 2700 F, but the gaseous molecules are very far from each other. It is a cloudless layer and has no water vapor. But, some non-climatic phenomena like the aurora australis and aurora borealis are sometimes observed in this layer. The International Space Station between 350 and 420 km moves in thermosphere (Drob et al., 2015).
Mesosphere
It is the third layer of the atmosphere and situated between the thermosphere and stratosphere. Its extension is from stratosphere with almost 50 km altitude to mesopause with 80-85 km altitude from the sea level. The increase in mesopause altitude decreases the temperature and is the coldest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere with the -85 C temperature(Plane, Feng & Dawkins, 2015). There exists cold air beneath the mesopause and has little water vapor, which might turn into noctilucent clouds of the polar-mesosphere layer. These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere. This layer is very high for the jet airplanes and balloons and very low for the spacecraft.
Stratosphere
It is the fourth layer of the atmosphere and is located at the top of the troposphere and separated by the tropopause. Its extension is from above the troposphere with 12 km altitude from the surface of the Earth to stratopause with 50-55 km altitude(Alexandrov et al., 2014). It consists of the ozone layer, which is also included in the atmosphere of the Earth and comprises of high densities of gases. The temperature increases due to ultraviolet rays from the Sun. The temperature in this layer makes steady atmospheric situations. Nacreous clouds are sometimes observed in this layer and its layer is suitable for jet airplanes.
Troposphere
It is considered as the lowest layer of the atmosphere of the earth. It is the place where all weather conditions occur. It has been found that approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass, as well as the 99% of the entire mass of the concern water vapor along with aerosols, are contained in the troposphere(Alexandrov et al., 2014). Its height is found to be 18km within the tropics, 17km within the middle latitudes as well as 6km within the Polar Regions during the winter season.
References
Alexandrov, A., Bergmann, R., Ewen, S., Freytag, J. C., Hueske, F., Heise, A., ... & Naumann, F. (2014). The stratosphere platform for big data analytics. The VLDB Journal—The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases, 23(6), 939-964.
Drob, D. P., Emmert, J. T., Meriwether, J. W., Makela, J. J., Doornbos, E., Conde, M., ... & Huba, J. D. (2015). An update to the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM): The quiet time thermosphere. Earth and Space Science, 2(7), 301-319.
Hirschmann, M. M. (2018). Comparative deep Earth volatile cycles: The case for C recycling from exosphere/mantle fractionation of major (H2O, C, N) volatiles and H2O/Ce, CO2/Ba, and CO2/Nb exosphere ratios. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 502, 262-273.
Plane, J. M., Feng, W., & Dawkins, E. C. (2015). The mesosphere and metals: Chemistry and changes. Chemical reviews, 115(10), 4497-4541.
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