HLSC122 : Critical Appraisal Scenarios : Health Behavior Research Cent

Introduction:   

The case study represents the smoking habit of a 34 years geologist who wishes to use her saving for Airnb business and the business has a strict no smoking policy. She wanted to know the availability of any evidences which suggest the effectiveness of e cigarette in stopping the habit of smoking compared to nicotine replacement therapy. Smoking is considered as one of the leading cause of the premature death and disability around the globe. The mortality rate exponentially increases the due to the inhalation of the toxins rather than smoking cigarette directly (Manzoli et al., 2017).  The electric cigarette sometimes used in replacement of the nicotine and it provides the vapour of the nicotine without the tobacco. Therefore, this paper will critically appraise a research journal in order to obtain how the e-cigarettes compared to other nicotine replacement therapies for smoking cessation in adults.

Body:

PART A

Authorship:

The authors of the paper who conducted the research are including Jamie brown, Emma beard,  Danial Kortz, Susan Michie who were part of the uk centre for the tocabbo nad alcohols studies. The researcher, Jamie Brown who is associated with University College London Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre London UK,University College London Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology London UK. The second autho,r Emma breard  is associated with University College London Cancer Research, UK Health Behavior Research Centre London UK. The third author, Danial kortz  is associated with university College London Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre London UK,Maastricht University ,Medical Centre Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care Maastricht the Netherlands. The fourth author, Susan Michie associated with University College London Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology London the UK, National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training London UK.The fourth author, Robert West associated with University College London Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre London the UK,National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training London UK.

Research questions:

How effective are e-cigarettes compared to other nicotine replacement therapies forSmoking cessation in adults?

Research design:

According to the Duke et al. (2016), research design is a detailed procedure necessary for obtaining the information required for addressing any research problem. In the paper, Brown et al., (2014), has shown the research design in the portion of methodology and accurately described the process. To compare the effectiveness of the e-cigarette has been chosen, a quantitative study has been chosen where a cross-sectional household survey was conducted for the population of English in between July 2009 and February 2014. The study focused on the self-reported abstinence rates of smokers in the general population of England (Brown et al., 2014). The comparison has been drawn in between the individual who used only the E-cigarette with the individual who used nicotine replacement therapy. Therefore, the researchers clearly stated how the participants had been selected which helps to compare between two part of the study (Brown et al., 2014) .The survey is part of the smoking toolkit, which was conducted through a set questioner. The first person analysis is important for the understanding of the mental state of the participants (Beard et al., 2016). Therefore, in this paper, the survey helped the researchers to obtain the mental state of the population. The researchers included the responder who used the e-cigarette or Nicotine replacement therapy and excluded those responders who used the combination. This aids the researcher in obtaining accurate primary data (Zhu et al., 2016).

Research methods:   

According to the author, the research method is crucial for obtaining accurate data for accomplishing the research accurately. In this paper, Brown et al. (2014), the author discussed the detailed methodology for conducting the research, data collection, analysis of the data. A large cross-sectional study was conducted where 5834 adults were taken as participants (Brown et al., 2014). The author clearly stated other quitting methods by asking the questions such as whether other methods helped them when they have seriously tried to quit smoking and the answer were noted (Brown et al., 2014). The outcome was noted as the primary data. The methodology was ideal for obtaining accurate data since no biasness, which observed in the clinical trial (Kalkhoran & Glantz, 2016). However, the limitation of the study was that the study conducted on the

The analysis of the data was a meticulously in-depth process that was performed by researchers. The investigation was done by bivariate association between the uses of the different quitting methods and abstinent was done considering the social demographic, smoking history of the patient (Brown et al., 2014). The statistical analysis of the paper was detailed with tabular representation. The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, logistic regression where the measurement was done for the reported smoker and non-smoker group of the participants. In order to reduce any inaccuracy, the data analysis included the models, which measures the effectiveness of the quitting method. Pos hoc analysis was also done by researchers. All of the methodologies was detailed and descriptive however they do not consider other variables related to the abstinence.

Results:

In the paper, Brown et al. (2014), the study was conducted considering 6134 participants who reported for attempting to quit smoking over the 12 months. The post hoc comparison showed that those individual who used e-cigarette are younger compared to those who used nicotine replacement therapy with lower socioeconomic status. The study showed that reported individual who was using nicotine replacement therapy have more urges to smoke cigarette and smoked more cigarette compared to the other survey group who was using an e-cigarette (Polosa et al., 2014). The study suggested that the participants who most recent attempt to quit smoking and smoked e- cigarette are more likely to resist the urge of smoking. On the other hand, participants who used Nicotine replacement therapy are more likely to smoke in their most recent attempt to quit smoking. Another study by Al-Delaimy et al. (2015), shows the similar result for comparison. However, the study also reported the use of nicotine replacement, not therapy more likely used by a dependent smoker in contrast to the individuals who have lower socioeconomic status (Hassan, & Shiu, (2015). This, in turn, suggested the association between the economic situation and the use of treatment by responders. Current evidence stated that e-cigarette is more effective in the cessation of smoking with minimal side effects (Cole-Lewis et al., 2015). Consequently, it improves the overall public health because of its widespread appeal.

PART B

Conclusion:

Thus, it can be concluded in contrast to the case study; smoking is one the leading cause of disability and morbidity around the globe. The paper suggested that those individuals who do not seek clinical assistance and other professional support but use e-cigarette more likely to report abstinence compared to the individual who uses nicotine replacement therapy. Therefore, it is suggested that e-cigarette is more effective than nicotine regarding cessation of smoking and improvement of public health.however, the studies also indicate the association of the economic status, age with the use of treatment for attempting to quit smoking.

References:

Brown, J., Beard, E., Kotz, D., Michie, S., & West, R. (2014). Real-world effectiveness of e-cigaretteswhen used to aid smoking cessation: A cross-sectional population study. Addiction,109(9), 1531-1540. doi:10.1111/add.12623

Manzoli, L., Flacco, M. E., Ferrante, M., La Vecchia, C., Siliquini, R., Ricciardi, W., ... & Fiore, M. (2017). Cohort study of electronic cigarette use: effectiveness and safety at 24 months. Tobacco control, 26(3), 284-292. 

https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052822

Beard, E., West, R., Michie, S., & Brown, J. (2016). Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends. bmj, 354, i4645.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.12623

Duke, J. C., Allen, J. A., Eggers, M. E., Nonnemaker, J., & Farrelly, M. C. (2015). Exploring differences in youth perceptions of the effectiveness of electronic cigarette television advertisements. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(5), 1382-1386. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv264

Zhu, S. H., Zhuang, Y. L., Wong, S., Cummins, S. E., & Tedeschi, G. J. (2017). E-cigarette use and associated changes in population smoking cessation: evidence from US current population surveys. bmj, 358, j3262.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3262

Brown, J., West, R., Beard, E., Michie, S., Shahab, L., & McNeill, A. (2014). Prevalence and characteristics of e-cigarette users in Great Britain: findings from a general population survey of smokers. Addictive behaviors, 39(6), 1120-1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.009

Kalkhoran, S., & Glantz, S. A. (2016). E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4(2), 116-128. doi:  10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4

Hitchman, S. C., Brose, L. S., Brown, J., Robson, D., & McNeill, A. (2015). Associations between e-cigarette type, frequency of use, and quitting smoking: findings from a longitudinal online panel survey in Great Britain. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(10), 1187-1194.

Polosa, R., Morjaria, J. B., Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Russo, C., Alamo, A., ... & Fisichella, A. (2014). Effectiveness and tolerability of electronic cigarette in real-life: a 24-month prospective observational study. Internal and emergency medicine, 9(5), 537-546. DOI 10.1007/s11739-013-0977-z

Al-Delaimy, W. K., Myers, M. G., Leas, E. C., Strong, D. R., & Hofstetter, C. R. (2015). E-cigarette use in the past and quitting behavior in the future: a population-based study. American journal of public health, 105(6), 1213-1219. doi:  10.2105/AJPH.2014.302482

Hassan, L. M., & Shiu, E. (2015). No place to hide: two pilot studies assessing the effectiveness of adding a health warning to the cigarette stick. Tobacco control, 24(e1), e3-e5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052771

Cole-Lewis, H., Varghese, A., Sanders, A., Schwarz, M., Pugatch, J., & Augustson, E. (2015). Assessing electronic cigarette-related tweets for sentiment and content using supervised machine learning. Journal of medical Internet research, 17(8).