been explicitly observed in recent times and estimates suggest that almost 70% of the global population amounting to more than 6 billion people would be residing in urban areas or nearby locations by the year 2050 (Choudhary, Sathe & Kachare, 2017).

The substantial rise in population density in urban locations has also led to an increase in the demands for sophisticated services and infrastructure needed for addressing the requirements of residents. Therefore, the preferences for smart cities could be conveniently validated in this case owing to the credible implications for social, environmental and economic security alongside the use of information and communication technologies for improving awareness, competency and interactivity of the services of the city and its monitoring (Choudhary, Sathe&Kachare, 2017).

The prospects for smart cities are being driven profoundly by the expanding scope of Internet of Things (IoT) which can be considered as an integration of available internet accessibility into a wide network of interconnected devices and objects that are not only capable of gathering information from the surrounding environment through sensing alongside engaging in interactions with the physical world but also comply with the present internet standards for provision of services for analytics, applications and information transfer. In this section, the problem associated with using Internet of Things (IoT) for development of smart cities with respect to the recent advancements as well as the emerging challenges would be discussed.

Domain: IoT for smart cities:

Prior to discussion on the problems and challenges encountered in the specific concerned domain, it is essential to obtain a conceptual understanding of Internet of Things and its application in the case of developing new smart cities. The general concept that is associated with the IoT is the ubiquitous presence of different objects such as sensors, mobile phones, actuators and Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags around us. With their individual addressing schemes, these devices would be able to coordinate with each other for accomplishing common goals (Choudhary, Sathe&Kachare, 2017, p 1).

The empowerment of IoT through adapting different facilitating devices such as actuator nodes and embedded sensors for converting the available fixed and mobile networking infrastructures into a fully integrated network for the future. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that form an integral aspect of sensing-actuation support in IoT could be integrated effectively into urban infrastructure thereby providing a digital blueprint of the city. The information that is garnered through WSNs could be collated across different applications and platforms that lead to the development of a common operating picture (COP) of the city (Choudhary, Sathe&Kachare, 2017, p 1).

The concern for addressing the problems identified in use of IoT for smart cities could be profoundly observed from the benefits of IoT for smart cities that cannot be undermined in any scenario.The applications of IoT facilitate prolific assistance for individuals, businesses and societies to explore new opportunities for accessing substantial volumes of data alongside introducing new applications and services that can contribute to reduction in levels of power consumption, improvement in efficiency of the society and creation of a cleaner environment (Ahlgren, Hidell& Ngai, 2016, p 2).

One of the promising examples of the application of IoT in moderation of urban infrastructure could be identified in the utilization of mobile phones and smart meters for regulating energy consumption that is responsible for higher energy efficiency as well as individual control. Furthermore, smart energy solutions and smart grids could be leveraged by people for measuring, monitoring, controlling and influencing personal energy consumption alongside capitalizing on abilities for independent production of energy (Ahlgren, Hidell& Ngai, 2016, p 2).

Problem or Challenges:

The primary challenges that are identified in the adoption of IoT for smart cities are vested in open research issues. The discussion on these challenges would be explicitly productive for facilitating research direction to new ventures in this domain. The first aspect that should be discussed in the case of implementing IoT for smart cities is vested in security, privacy and trust. Since smart cities are associated with provision of Internet connectivity to a wide assortment of devices, security could be accounted as a formidable issue as estimates have suggested that 70% of IoT devices in smart cities are vulnerable to attacks owing to factors such as insufficient software safeguards, inadequate protocols for encrypted communication and improper standards for authorization

. Therefore, it is essential to address specific issues in the establishment of an IoT-based smart city which include active and competent decentralized trust management system, privacy-aware communication of user data, string privacy measures for ensuring the trust and consent of users and utilization of risk assessment frameworks for identifying existing as well as threats of emergent attacks on the basis of vulnerabilities.

Interoperability is also a formidable challenge in establishing an IoT-based smart city which can be defined as the capability of different devices and networks to engage in communication for exchanging crucial information. The consideration of interoperability between two devices from different domains as a major roadblock for accomplishing IoT success by the World Economic Forum further strengthens the necessity for addressing this issue urgently.

The primary cause for issues with interoperability could be identified in the lack of universal standards. The possible measures that could be implemented for addressing the issues with interoperability is to recognize the issues at different levels such as platform, network, device or application and utilization of a holistic and competent approach for facilitating connectivity to numerous IoT devices. In the case the example of standardizing FIWARE and oneM2M could be presented as a prolific initiative for addressing interoperability issues arising in context of the collaboration between the largest standardization bodies of the world such as OMA, ETSI and 3GPP.

The operation of IoT devices is profoundly associated with the requirement for a continuous source of energy thereby leading to the challenge of cost and battery life. The possible approach that can be implemented in this case would be the implementation of devices that provide the feature of low power consumption at lower costs (Mehmood et al., 2017, p 21).

The advances in this context could be realized only through progress in the domain of micro-electronics and wireless communication. Continuing with the problems that might arise in establishment of IoT-based smart cities, the other noticeable issues include Big Data Analytics and connectivity in IoT (Mehmood et al., 2017, p 22).

The prominent challenges that can be observed in this case include references to the requirements for respecting the privacy of users during data analysis, provision of infrastructure for collection, storage and analysis of a considerable amount of data, provision of connectivity to high-mobility devices and ensuring connectivity among the extensively deployed devices even in the lack of communication networks (Mehmood et al., 2017, p 23).

Structure of the report:

The following report would comprise of four different sections that are initiated with the executive summary for the report. The executive summary would include definition of the purpose and scope of the report alongside the technologies that would be discussed in the report as well as the recommendations based on information discussed in the report.

The introduction section would provide an initial benchmark from where the report would progress. The significant section in the report is the Literature review that briefly explains the issues that might arise in implementation of IoT for smart city development such as interoperability, security, connectivity, low cost and low power consumption as well as big data analytics. The discussion in the literature review would also be used to outline specific solutions to the presented problems. Finally, the report would present a discussion on the research findings leading to a relevant conclusion for the report.

According to research conducted by Nanni, Benetti& Mazzini, (2017) Internet of Things offers cities new opportunities to use data to manage the traffic, reduce pollution, better utilize the infrastructure and protect citizens' safety(Nanni, Benetti& Mazzini, 2017). IoT help cities to make the several digital opportunities, the Smart City Internet of Things are a fully integrated scalable and modular framework to effectively deliver as well as to manage smart city services. Saadeh, Sleit, Sabri & Almobaideen, (2018)

states that the “fully integrated” approach meets the essential requirements of a shared, secure and scalable interconnected environment – each 'thing' can communicate with each other to make tomorrow's cities smart, secure moreover the sustainable. It is easy to see that cities can benefit from technological advances in the use of the Internet of Things(Saadeh, Sleit, Sabri&Almobaideen, 2018). It's also easy to see that as the city continues to grow and more devices are added to the infrastructure, the amount of data will be huge. In order to manage these needs and make full use of new technologies, cities will need information management systems. 

The author of the article explains the integration of the Internet of Things into everyday life, that is, the integration of urban infrastructure will significantly decrease costs and generate millions of dollars in value. In this article, authors cite two successful "smart" cities in Barcelona, ??Spain and Songdo, South Korea, which integrate various IoT equipment and projects into numerous urban infrastructure projects that reduce costs, reduce emissions, and save energy and energy funds. The author seems to be a supporter of the IoT management city, and the advantages that the private and public sectors can bring if IoT devices are integrated on a larger scale.

As the IoT began to leave its mark in the technology industry furthermore not only completely changed consumer goods, however also completely changed all aspects of human life (authors suggest that things from street lights to cars to the seaport will eventually be "smart, IoT importance lies, according to authors point out, in cloud computing and the sensors inbuilt in technology. Whereas the smart gadgets have the ability to "communicate" or to simply communicate with different smart gadgets, they likewise have ability to collect and to observe data (as opposed to sensors) and examine the real-time data. The following is a painful example of the author's ability to monitor and analyze real-time data through the smart infrastructure novelty.

Smart technology deployment like smart technologies, smart chips, and smart phones has promoted in the smart cities development. It includes diverse smart systems, for example, smart homes, and smart gadgets. These intelligent systems must be connected to a large number of unique and smart objects in a largest IoT network. Trusted communication between the IoT objects is a fundamental goal of IoT security. In this article, the authors have devised architecture to address diverse IoT issue or challenges for instance scalability, heterogeneity, and mobility.

In addition, the architecture is also supported by associability of the proposed signature verification protocol which is completely based on hierarchical elliptic curve uniqueness. The authors conclude that proposed architecture supports the design of the Internet of Things in smart cities more than its competitive architecture.

In this article, the authors present the outcomes of deeply monitoring activities, where the IoT framework acts like a catalyst for smart city solutions, focusing on sustainable health in the workplace. The main finding of this paper is the innovative aspects of the solution (sensor network architecture is extremely simple, easy to install, real-time finding of parameters in a straight line related to the power consumption, furthermore accessibility of the environmental parameter measurements, as well as light while providing power consumption And contextual information on the relevance of working conditions makes it an ideal choice for seamless integration and intensive monitoring activities within the platform.

In this article, the authors conclude that the main concept of smart cities is to get the right information at the right place and on the right equipment, making city-related decisions easier and providing citizens with faster, faster ways. In this paper, the authors propose an IoT-based system to implement smart cities, promote governments and citizens, and make real-time decisions based on current urban scenarios. The author concludes that in order to process large amounts of data, we use the Hadoop ecosystem and Spark at the top level at a very high speed. Existing intelligent system data sets are used to test and evaluate the efficiency of the system. In the future, we plan to use a practical intelligent system deployment system to test the actual implementation and feasibility of the system.

The selected resource help in acknowledging in-depth knowledge about the specifications of an IoT enabled system. The resource gives the readers a huge amount of knowledge associated with the use of different engines which works on the principals of internet of things. The resource also provides the details of the smart city data sets which are associated with the different engines. The two states of art used by the RSP engines are discussed in this paper. There are different aspects of this resource which helps in understanding the features of the IoT enabled system.

The complexity of the structure of the IoT enabled systems can be identified with the help of this report. The application of the different functions of internet of things can be identified with the help of this resource. At the same time it can be also said that this resource have plenty of limitations as well. The resource is only limited to one specific IoT enabled system rather than comparing the features of all the similar types of IoT enabled system. The other drawback of this paper is that this paper does not help in identifying the futuristic issues of the chosen engine.

The main reason behind selection of this paper is that this paper considers the application of internet of things as a whole rather than specifying or concentration on a specific, it feature of the resource is very much useful as this feature help in having a perception about the different IoT enabled systems as a whole. The resource helps in having an idea about both the positive and negative issues related to the different IoT based technologies. The papers provides huge amount of knowledge about the issues of the smart applications. The issues are described in a detailed way in this paper and are used by citizens of the smart to mitigate the risks associated with the smart applications.

The resource provides in depth knowledge about the application of IOT such as the large number of devices and technologies in smart cities. The resource helps in understanding an urban IoT based system which is described in this paper in details. Like every other paper this paper also have numerous drawback and limitations. The paper is written in a generalized format with no complex keywords which is the most intriguing part of this resource; the simplicity of this resource is an advantage for the readers of this paper.

The foremost determination of this paper is that it focuses on the real time applications which are increasingly used in the smart cities all around the world. The application of the smart application in the smart cities arises different types of problems and complexities which are the main point of discussion this paper. The paper also focuses on the ethical issues of the real time applications as well as the networking securities associated it. The paper broadly discusses about the complexities of the bigger organizations which deals with huge amount of essential data.

The security of those data is really important for those organizations and can have positive or negative impact on the growth and productivity of the organization. The resource provides in depth knowledge about the complex operations performed by the smart city applications such as the stream processing and big data analysis. The resource is helpful for the readers to understand the effectiveness of IoT in smart cities. The paper also focuses on the issues related to the big data analysis such as the privacy issues. There are different types of challenges for the organizations of big data analysis and this resource can be effectively used for mitigating those challenges. The challenges related to the big data analysis can be purposefully solved with the help of the internet of things.

The main reason behind the selection of this article is effective methodology which it proposed regarding the waste management in the smart cities. The resources helps in understanding the issues related to the waste collection methods. The paper also highlights the importance of the application of internet of things in smart cities. The effectiveness of the chosen methodology is also mentioned in this paper. The paper helps in realizing the importance of human intervention in the automated system. The prime benefit of this paper is that it focuses mainly on a specific application of internet of things.

Every minute details of the internet of things in waste management are detailed in a professional manner in this resource. Like every other resources, this resource also have many limitations. The prime limitation of this resource is that it do not highlight any specific equipment which are used in the smart cities for waste management.The selected resources help in having a perception about the wastage collection methods used in the smart cities. The application of the internet of things in the wastage collection departments of smart cities are briefly described in this paper. 

The main reason behind selecting this resoucr is that it gives indepth knowledge about the services provided by internet of things in smart cities. The resource gives in depth knowledge about the application of IOT in different types of activities in smart cities. Different aspects of the society which are accessed by the IoT enabled devices such as population control and scarcity of resources are discussed in this paper. The paper highlighted about the connectivity issues of smart cities.

The author of this resource have structured this paper is such a way that it help us in understanding the IOT enabled technologies associated with smart cities such as the short range communication technologies. However it can be found that he paper however failed to discuss the challenges of those technologies. The environmental aspects of the internet of things are also discussed in this paper. At the same time the environmental aspects of the IoT based technologies should also be highly considered as these help in achieving dynamic wastage collection contributing to the smart city ideologies. The optimization of the garbage truck fleet and their routes are identified in this resource. The issues related to dynamic scheduling model are not discussed in this paper.

Requirements for the Project

Based on the literature, the requirements for the project are security concerns of smart cities, privacy concerns of smart cities and implementation of IoT in smart cities security concerns of Smart cities are selected to work with.

Modified Problem Statement

The main challenges identified when using the Internet of Things in smart cities are attributable to open research issues. There are many opportunities for the implementation of the Internet of Things, but we cannot ignore the threats and difficulties we face. Since the Internet of Things is expected to have a major impact on our lifestyle, we need to make sure we understand the risks and challenges involved. Security and privacy are considered to be the main threats to our implementation of the Internet of Things. While many people discuss different opportunities for the Internet of Things, everyone agrees that security must always be achieved. Everything is managed online, which means anyone with access to computers and the Internet can control it.

Current and past techniques or technologies used to solve the problem

More importantly, the Internet of Things will be a key innovation to solve this problem. In addition, support technologies have reached maturity, allowing the actual implementation of the IoT solutions moreover the services, starting with field trials, with the hope of helping to eliminate the uncertainty that still hampers the large-scale adoption of the IoT paradigm. With the advent of personal data, the security and privacy of communications and services are lost, and unnecessary communications become paralyzed. As new devices and heterogeneous networks diversify, the overall problem is further exacerbated.

Users are faced with various methods and devices for accessing the digital world and can no longer be assumed. Urban IoT systems require a set of link layer technologies due to their inherent large deployment area. These technologies can easily cover a broad geographical area while supporting a large number of small flows generated by very high aggregation. For such reasons, the link layer technology for realizing the IoT system is divided into constrained and unconstrained technologies.

Taxonomy

Presenting a classification of IoT based smart cities; this section catalogues the literature by depending on network types, communication protocols, standardization efforts, chief service providers & many more.

• Serviced providers – The innovation of IoT is becoming popular day by day and its application over smart cities will grow by billions of dollars by the year 2020. The annual growth will be around 16 billion. Internet of Things carries immense potential of enhancing the revenue for all service providers (Mehmood et al., 2017). This communication paradigm is avant-garde that many renowned service providers have started discovering. Ericsson, Orange, Nokia are some service providers that can out forward numerous platforms for the applications related to smart city such as e-healthcare, ITS, home automation, logistics & a lot more.
• Communication protocols – An Iot based smart city is bound to depend on manifold communication protocols for the transportation of data between backend servers & devices. Some of the short range technologies are Wi-Fi, ZigBee, WiMAX, Bluetooth, etc. These technologies are utilized in vehicular communication, e-healthcare & metering. The wide range communication technologies are LTE, GSM, and GPRS. These technologies are utilized in mobile e-healthcare, infotainment services, V2I, smart grid, etc. The protocols and the various radio technologies can be utilized for:

• Backing up smart city applications for ensuring interoperability among numerous operators
• Radio technology is equipped with star-based communications that presents a scalable worldwide network for discovering smart city applications with consumption of low power.

• Network types – Network topologies are required for smart city applications for establishing autonomous environments. These capillary networks render services over minute ranges. WPANs, WLANs & BANs are some of the examples of wireless networks. Home automation & e-healthcare services are some of the application areas. Applications such as waste management, ITS utilize WANs, mobile communication & metropolitan area networks.      

Activities of standard bodies – The device interoperability requirement by smart city applications is a highly vital one along with deployment of manifold IoT devices. Smart city applications can then only be facilitated on a huge scale when renowned government bodies like oneM2M, IETF, OMA & 3GPP participate for developing the standards.

• Offered services – Within the arena of Iot there are manifold services that help in influencing city administration with decrease in operational costs. Smart lighting, waste management & waste are the offerings.
• Requirements – There are diverse applications within the sphere of IoT in a smart city that again leads to vast requirements. IoT based applications & solutions are always anticipated to be highly secured, flexible, low cost, Quality-of-Service, multivendor interoperability, etc. These requisites can be fulfilled with the implementation of new techniques. For instance, huge IoT traffic can be managed with traffic modeling. This combined modeling approach is better than conventional approaches where IoT devices can access networks individually for putting out & receiving messages.

Internets of Things open source platforms

Multi-vendor interoperability can then only be achieved when information is shared with the help of open source realizations (Ilunin, 2018). There exit open communities that render rapid development platforms just for smart cities.

• OCEAN – Open alliance for iot standard is a worldwide alliance that brings in open source realizations for smart cities that are based on Internet of Things standards. With this the commercialization of platforms, services & products will also take place for the extensive acceptance of IoT standards. The source code will be released by OCEAN as open source that will lead to the collaboration of developers & vendors for fabricating high end products under the worldwide partnership that will lead to the establishment of IoT bionetwork for smart cities.
• OM2M – This project will distribute an open source execution of SmartM2M & oneM2M standards. This initiative will facilitate the operation of heterogeneous devices & vertical applications by offering a M2M service platform for independent service development of underlying network. Thereby it offers SCE or Service Common Entity that can be functional in M2M device or in any server.

IoT based smart city classification
Communication protocols	Service providers		Network types		Activities of standard bodies		Offered services		Requirements
Wi-Fi	SK Telecom		BANs		3GPP		e-healthcare		Low power consumption
GPRS/GSM	Orange		Mobile networks		One M2M		Energy metering
6LoWPAN	Ericsson, Nokia	WPANs			ETSI	Security		Traffic modeling
Bluetooth	Telefonica	WLANs			IETF	Smart transporation		Minimal cost

 

Smart home in a smart city

Network interconnected

Internet with high speed broadband

Highly automated

Light control

Improve comfort

IoT synergies

Few case studies are presented here by manifold enterprises with contemporary IoT synergies for smart city implementation (Zanella et al., 2014). The objective is to offer a summary of recent deployments of IoT-based solutions for handling city related challenges.

• Chicago – The focus of this project is on community engagement and infrastructure management for handling challenges related to transport, economic development & crime in Chicago, US. By associating with IBM, more than 300,000 smart Internet of Things devices has been deployed by Chicago for backing up smart grid functionalities. The goal of this project is reduction of energy waste. Nearly one hundred and seventy million USD can be saved. An analytics platform has been fabricated by this project on Cisco technology which helped in the reduction of crime rates inside the city. The model that has been created carries 31 variables for preventing rodent infestations. Buildings that will become vacant in the near future can be identified with the help of Analytics incorporation. Apps are also developed with the use of data sets for notifying citizens about unnecessary situations within the city.
• Busan Green u-City – An omnipresent city, Busan Green u-City is a smart city that is IoT enabled in South Korea. It has employed a cloud based infrastructure for enhancing local business prospects, efficiency of city management and many more. This private-public cooperation has taken place among Cisco, Busan city government, largest telco of South Korea, various technology suppliers & KT. The estimated investment amount is 452 million USD. This cooperation was started with the primary goal of delivering an enhanced transportation system, increased job opportunities, e-healthcare services, and enhanced information accessibility via numerous devices & communication sources.
• Milton Keynes – This smart project is synchronized by Open University whose objective is the development of a data hub surrounded by the city that handles & amalgamates data that is acquired from manifold smart devices. The project also focuses on the control of carbon emissions

Challenges related to open research

The adoption of the Internet of Things for smart cities will bring forth advancements but there will be open research challenges & issues as well (GoodWorkLabs: Mobile App and Software Product Development 2016, 2018). By throwing light on these challenges, new directions can be offered to researches in the upcoming time.

• Interoperability – The ability by which two diverse devices interact with each other for information exchange is known as interoperability. IoT devices that are incorporated in smart cities come from wide-ranging domains like intelligent transport, smart metering, monitoring and a lot more. Interoperability is something that will be responsible for connectivity amidst devices in a smart city. But this is an obstacle for IoT success as well as per World Economic Forum as there is a lack in universal standards. Solving these calls for the identification of these issues at varied levels such as device, platform, communication, network, application, etc. The challenges can be addressed with an intelligent approach for offering easy connectivity to many IoT devices.
• Big Data Analytics – It is one of those research directions that have a major role to play in IoT based smart cities. Smart cities with the potential of connecting many devices will offer massive data amount for analysis. Both from user private data and surrounding environments, this data can amalgamate information. Intelligent techniques will be required for this data analysis. For example, information can be easily analyzed with the help of deep learning algorithms whose production is done by devices that are locally connected. Major challenges that must be addressed are:

• The need for offering computation power for extracting new knowledge from data
• Respecting user privacy while data analysis is being done
• Need for adequate infrastructure for collecting, storing and analyzing huge data amounts
• Presence of data anonymity for confidential data

• Security – All IoT devices require security that has to be maintained at all costs. Security truly becomes a critical challenge as all smart cities offer Internet connectivity to various devices. The devices can be at risks due to vulnerabilities like poorly encrypted communication protocols, inadequate authorization and a lot more. The designing of a successful smart city based on IoT calls for the addressing of the following issues:

• Presence of robust privacy measures for ensuring the consent and trust of the user
• Fabricating efficacious security solutions for guaranteeing data authenticity. With this, a secured communication can also be offered between cloud-dependent application centers & IoT devices
• Designing a sufficient and active decentralized system of trust management
• User data must be offered with privacy aware communication
• Studying the freshly emerging attacks with risk assessment that are based on threats and vulnerabilities. One of the risks assessments has also been put forward by ENISA that recognizes the probable emerging attacks.

Conclusion

This paper carries the facts about the recent trends in IoT based smart cities model. A classification has been carried out for the Internet of Things enabled cities that are based on service providers, protocols, standard bodies & network types. Based on this study, we can conclude that applications of smart city depend on wireless technologies like LTE A/LTE, WAVE, 6LoWPAN & a lot more. Researchers can also benefit from the study as we have spoken about open Internet of Things platforms. Some case studies of recent IoT deployments are also presented for revealing the augmenting development towards IoT deployments. The last but not the least, open research challenges are also addressed like low cost, security, interoperability, big data analytics that require considerable attention and concern from various research communities.

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