Answer all TWO questions
1. A capillary rheometer is used to measure the viscosity of a fermentation broth. The capillary has an internal diameter of 0.5 mm and is 6 cm long. A pressure transducer is used to monitor the pressure drop across the capillary under different flow rates. The different flow rates tested, their corresponding shear rate and recorded pressure drop are shown in the table below.
Q (m³ s-1) |
γ (s-1) |
ΔP (Pa) |
6.000×10-8 |
4889 |
25820 |
1.200×10-7 |
9778 |
36140 |
3.000×10-7 |
24450 |
58670 |
6.000×10-7 |
48890 |
82140 |
1.200×10-6 |
97790 |
98570 |
2. A fermenter requires a new pipeline to transfer the cell suspension to a holding tank, where it will be stored prior to downstream processing. The proposed pipeline is 20 m long and is laid out as shown in the diagram below. The contents of the fermenter will need to be transferred to the holding tank in 30 minutes. The density of the cell suspension is 1050 kg m-³ and the viscosity is 0.005 Pa s. The fermenter has a total volume of 6.25 m³ and is operated with a volumetric space efficiency of 0.8.
Pipe diameter (m) |
0.04 |
0.08 |
0.12 |
Selection of pipe diameters available.
(A Moody diagram and table of friction loss factors is provided in the appendix)
Appendix to BENG103P exam paper
Bend/Fitting type |
Velocity heads (K) |
Length equivalents (Le) |
Pipe inlet |
1.0 |
45dp |
Pipe outlet |
0.5 |
22dp |
90° square elbow |
0.9 |
41dp |
45° bend |
0.35 |
15dp |
Open gate valve |
0.85 |
40dp |
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