Linguistics or Etymology is the logical investigation of language and its structure. Explicit parts of semantics incorporate sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational etymology, relative phonetics, and basic semantics. Linguists generally investigations human language by watching interchange among sound and implications. It is the investigation of discourse and non-discourse sounds and dives into their acoustic and articulatory properties. Linguists are on edge with the idea of language and declaration. It bargains both with the investigation of specific dialects and the quest for general properties regular to all dialects or enormous gatherings of languages.
As we are an expert in linguistics, we can define some important terms of linguistics as follows:
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Examine the German data below, focusing on the distribution of the voiceless velar fricative [x] and the voiceless palatal fricative [ç]. Note that the palatal fricative [ç] is not the same as the palatoalveolar fricative [S]. In fact, the two sounds are contrastive in German: [gIçt] gout vs. [gISt] spray. The crucial featural difference is that [ç] is [+dorsal, -strident], whereas [S] is [-dorsal, +strident] (see §4.6.2 and 4.6.4 of the textbook, and the feature chart distributed in class and available on Canvas).
As you think through the problem, you might find it useful to examine the following three datasets one at a time. Form a hypothesis about what is going on before moving from one dataset to the next, and see if the following dataset forces you to revise or discard that hypothesis. However, when you write up your analysis please present only the final analysis that accounts for all of the data. Don’t write up a narrative about how your thoughts evolved as you saw more data.
SET A
"PAxt |
eight |
"PIç |
I |
"ho:x |
high |
"PEçt |
real |
"öAUx@n |
to smoke |
"kOYçt |
gasps |
"SAxt |
shaft |
"öAIç@n |
to reach |
"lAx@n |
to laugh |
"lEç@ln |
to smile |
"bu:x |
book |
"by:ç5 |
books |
"lOx |
hole |
"lύ5 |
holes |
"PAUx |
also |
"lIçt |
light |
PepO"xA:l |
epochal |
"POYç |
you, pl. |
"mOxt@ |
wanted to |
"mύt@ |
wants to |
"mIS@n |
to mix |
"PAIç@ |
oak tree |
"dUS@n |
to shower |
"bo:J@ |
buoy |
mAJEs"tEt |
majesty |
pOm"pe:Ji |
Pompeii |
hAle"lu:JA SET B |
hallelujah |
||
"mIlç |
milk |
"lUöç |
baltrachians |
"fEnç@l |
fennel |
"kElç |
chalice |
"mAnç |
many a |
"StöOlç |
tramp |
kOl"ço:z@ |
kolhkoz |
"mœnç |
monk |
"dUöç |
through |
"fUöç@ |
furrow |
"dOlç |
dagger |
monAö"çi: |
monarchy |
"lEöç@ |
larch tree |
PAöçitEk"tu:ö |
architecture |
"lYnç@n |
to lynch |
böOn"çi:tIs |
bronchitis |
SET C
çe:"mi: |
chemistry |
çi"PAsmUs |
chiasmus |
"çi:nA |
China |
çi:"ni:n |
quinine |
çe:"öUsk5 |
a Germanic tribe |
"çe:Ops |
a Pharaoh |
"çe:öUp |
cherub |
çA"mA:v@ |
member of a Germanic tribe |
"çto:nIS |
subterranean |
çA"öYpdIs |
a sea monster |
TASK: Are the voiceless velar and palatal fricatives in complementary distribution, or in contrast? If they’re in contrast, give minimal or near-minimal pairs. If they’re in complementary distribution, assume that they are allophones of a single phoneme. Decide what the underlying phoneme is, make a generalization about the contexts in which its allophones appear, and propose a phonological rule that derives the allophones from the phoneme in the appropriate contexts.
If you propose that the two sounds are allophones of a single phoneme, make sure to justify your choice of what that phoneme is. If you propose a phonological rule, it should be formalized in terms of distinctive features.
A quick note on what you should assume about the features of German vowels:
[+front] |
[+front] |
[-front] |
[-front] |
||
[+high, |
i |
y |
u |
[+tense] |
|
-low] |
I |
Y |
U |
[-tense] |
|
[-high, |
e |
o |
[+tense] |
||
-low] |
E |
œ |
@ |
O |
[-tense] |
[-high, +low] |
5 |
A |
[-back] [-back] [-back] [+back]
[A] and [5] are in complementary distribution: [A] shows up in stressed syllables, and [5] shows up in unstressed syllables. Basically like [2] and [@] in English. Treat them like they’re the same vowel.
Your writeup should be structured like a paper, with an introduction and conclusion, and everything explained in polished prose. Make sure it includes all of the following:
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